What happens if you and your siblings inherit your parents’ home?

The U.S. House of Representatives has passed its budget reconciliation bill, dubbed The One, Big, Beautiful Bill. Among other things, the sweeping bill would eliminate clean vehicle credits by the end of 2025 in most cases. If you’ve been pondering the purchase of a new or used electric vehicle (EV), you’ll want to buy sooner rather than later to take advantage of available tax credits. Here’s what you need to know. The current credit The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) significantly expanded the Section 30D credit for qualifying clean vehicles placed in service after April 17, 2023. For eligible taxpayers, it extended the credit to any “clean vehicle,” including EVs, hydrogen fuel cell cars and plug-in hybrids, through 2032. It also created a new credit, Sec. 25E, for eligible taxpayers who buy used clean vehicles from dealers. That credit equals the lesser of $4,000 or 30% of the sale price. The maximum credit for new vehicles is $7,500, based on meeting certain sourcing requirements for 1) critical minerals and 2) battery components. Clean vehicles that satisfy only one of the two requirements qualify for a $3,750 credit. The Sec. 30D and Sec. 25E credits aren’t refundable, meaning you can’t receive a refund if you don’t have any tax liability. In addition, any excess credit can’t be carried forward if it’s claimed as an individual credit. A credit can be carried forward only if it’s claimed as a general business credit. If you’re eligible for either credit (see below), you have two options for applying it. First, you can transfer the credit to the dealer to reduce the amount you pay for the vehicle (assuming you’re purchasing the vehicle for personal use). You’re limited to making two transfer elections in a tax year. Alternatively, you can claim the credit when you file your tax return for the year you take possession of the vehicle. Buyer requirements To qualify for the Sec. 30D credit, you must purchase the vehicle for your own use (not resale) and use it primarily in the United States. The credit is also subject to an income limitation. Your modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) can’t exceed: $300,000 for married couples filing jointly or a surviving spouse, $225,000 for heads of household, or $150,000 for all other filers. If your MAGI was less in the preceding tax year than in the year you take delivery of the vehicle, you can apply that amount for purposes of the income limit. Note: As initially drafted, the GOP proposal would retain the Sec. 30D credit through 2026 for vehicles from manufacturers that have sold fewer than 200,000 clean vehicles. For used vehicles, you similarly must buy the vehicle for your own use, primarily in the United States. You also must not: Be the vehicle’s original owner, Be claimed as a dependent on another person’s tax return, and Have claimed another used clean vehicle credit in the preceding three years. A MAGI limit applies for the Sec. 25E credit, but with different amounts than those for the Sec. 30D credit: $150,000 for married couples filing jointly or a surviving spouse, $112,500 for heads of household, or $75,000 for all other filers. You can choose to apply your MAGI from the previous tax year if it’s lower. Vehicle requirements You can take advantage of the Sec. 30D credit only if the vehicle you purchase: Has a battery capacity of at least seven kilowatt hours, Has a gross vehicle weight rating of less than 14,000 pounds, Was made by a qualified manufacturer, Underwent final assembly in North America, and Meets critical mineral and battery component requirements. In addition, the manufacturer suggested retail price (MSRP) can’t exceed $80,000 for vans, sport utility vehicles and pickup trucks, or $55,000 for other vehicles. The MSRP for this purpose isn’t necessarily the price you paid. It includes manufacturer-installed options, accessories and trim but excludes destination fees. To qualify for the used car credit, the vehicle must: Have a sale price of $25,000 or less, including all dealer-imposed costs or fees not required by law (legally required costs and fees, such as taxes, title or registration fees, don’t count toward the sale price), Be a model year at least two years before the year of purchase, Not have already been transferred after August 16, 2022, to a qualified buyer, Have a gross vehicle weight rating of less than 14,000 pounds, and Have a battery capacity of at least seven kilowatt hours. The sale price for a used vehicle is determined after the application of any incentives — but before the application of any trade-in value. Don’t forget the paperwork Form 8936, “Clean Vehicle Credits,” must be filed with your tax return for the year you take delivery. The form is required regardless of whether you transferred the credit or chose to claim it on your tax return. Contact us if you have questions regarding the clean vehicle tax credits and their availability. © 2025 

For many people, pets are more than just animals — they’re cherished members of the family. Yet, when it comes to estate planning, their future care can be overlooked. Including your pets in your estate plan ensures they’ll continue to receive love and care if something happens to you. Unless you arrange for their care and support after your death, they’ll go to the residuary beneficiary in your will. If you don’t have a will, they’ll be transferred according to the laws of intestate succession, which are unique to each state. Formally appoint a caregiver Start by identifying a trusted family member or friend who’s willing and able to take responsibility for your pets. You can formalize this by naming the person as the caregiver in your will. Although you can’t use your will to leave money or other property to your pets, you can provide funds to their caregiver to cover expenses. But keep in mind that the caregiver has no legal obligation to use the money for your pets, so choose cautiously. It’s wise to name a backup caregiver, just in case. Also, be sure to let your executor know about your plans. If you don’t have a trusted caregiver in mind, another option is to leave your pets to an animal sanctuary or rescue organization with a program designed for this purpose. Draft a pet trust You might also consider establishing a pet trust. It’s legal in all 50 states plus Washington, D.C. These trusts come at a cost, but they offer several advantages over other arrangements. For example, a pet trust allows you to leave money that the named caregiver is required to use for your pets, to provide specific instructions on how your pets should be cared for, and to provide for the care of your pets during your life in the event you’re unable to do so. Plus, if necessary, your representative can go to court to enforce the terms of the trust. Turn to us for help Ultimately, including your pet in your estate plan gives you peace of mind and ensures that your beloved companion won’t be left to chance. Your estate planning attorney can help you incorporate these provisions into your estate plan in a way that aligns with your overall goals. © 2025 

Creating a marketing strategy for any company isn’t a “one and done” activity. As you’ve no doubt experienced, the approach you use to connect with your audience needs to adapt to factors such as the economy, marketplace changes, and customer and prospect preferences. Let’s take a step back and review some of the big-picture tasks associated with sharpening your marketing strategy. Refine target selection Consider each prospect, existing customer and target group as an investment. Estimate your net profit after subtracting production, sales and customer service costs. More desirable customers will buy in sizable volumes with enough frequency to provide a steady income stream over time rather than serve as one-time or infrequent buyers. They’ll also be potential targets for cross-selling other products or services to generate incremental revenue. Bear in mind that you must have the operational capacity to fulfill a prospect’s demand. If not, you’ll need to expand your operations to take on that customer, which will cost you more in resources and capital. Also, be wary of becoming too dependent on a few large customers. They can use this status as leverage to lowball you. Or, if they decide to pull the plug, it could be financially devastating. Adjust price points Your price points are another key factor. It’s a tricky balance: Setting prices low may help attract customers, but it can also minimize or even eliminate your profit margin. In addition, think about what payment terms you’re prepared to offer. Sluggish accounts receivable can strain cash flow. Establishing a timely payment schedule with customers is critical to sustaining operations and supporting the bottom line. If you must spend a substantial amount of cash to set up a new customer, such as buying new equipment, consider offering initial pricing that includes a surcharge for a specified period. After you’ve recovered the cost of the equipment plus carrying charges, you might offer the customer a volume- or loyalty-based discount. Craft your messaging When you know who you want to sell to and what you’re going to charge, it’s time to craft your messaging. This is obviously the key step — literally marketing your products or services. So, clarity and consistency are key. Begin by identifying your core value proposition. This is what sets your business apart from competitors. Communicate it in simple, direct language. Generally, you want to avoid jargon unless you’re working in a very specific context where industry terminology or technical knowledge is critical to sales. Be persuasive by providing remedies for your audience’s pain points. You may need to tailor messaging to different market segments. For example, established customers usually respond best to a marketing message that reminds them of your company’s reliability and the total value of your mutually beneficial relationship. Meanwhile, prospects and newer customers probably need more persuasion and “proof of value.” Carefully choose the right marketing channels as well. These may include print, email, social media and in-person outreach. Finally, watch out for inconsistency. Even if you vary your exact wording when addressing different market segments, your overall messaging needs to be uniform in look, tone and details. Disjointed communication — especially when it comes to things like pricing and product or service specifications — can sink a marketing strategy fast. Today and tomorrow An ineffective approach to marketing can quietly sap a company’s financial strength as sales leads diminish in number or value and competitors gain more attention in the marketplace. Conversely, a strong and timely marketing strategy can be a real revenue driver. We can analyze your marketing costs, as well as your price points, and help you develop a viable strategy for today and tomorrow. © 2025 

The gig economy offers flexibility, autonomy and a way to earn income, but it also comes with tax obligations that can catch many workers off guard. Whether you’re driving for a rideshare service, delivering food, selling products online or offering local services like pet walking, it’s crucial to understand the tax implications of gig work to stay compliant and avoid costly surprises. Understanding your tax status One of the biggest differences between traditional employment and gig work is your classification. Most gig workers are considered independent contractors, not employees. This means that companies you work with typically don’t withhold income taxes, Social Security, or Medicare taxes from your pay. Instead, you’re responsible for tracking and paying these taxes yourself. As an independent contractor, your earnings are considered self-employment income. This status has specific tax consequences and responsibilities, including the need to file Schedule C (Profit or Loss from Business) with your tax return and pay self-employment tax using Schedule SE. Self-employment tax explained Self-employment tax covers Social Security and Medicare taxes for those who work for themselves. In 2025, the self-employment tax rate is 15.3% — 12.4% for Social Security and 2.9% for Medicare. If your net earnings exceed $400 for the year, you’re required to pay this tax, regardless of your age or whether you receive Social Security benefits. It’s important to note that while this may seem steep, self-employed individuals can deduct half (the employer-equivalent portion) of the self-employment tax from their taxable income, which helps offset the burden. Quarterly estimated tax payments Because taxes aren’t automatically withheld from your gig income, you may need to make estimated tax payments to the IRS. These payments are due April 15, June 15, September 15 and January 15 of the following year. (If a due date falls on a Saturday, Sunday or holiday, the due date becomes the next business day.) Failing to pay enough throughout the year could result in penalties and interest, even if you end up getting a refund at tax time. To avoid this, we can help you calculate your estimated tax payments based on your expected income, deductions and credits. Recordkeeping and deductions Maintaining accurate records is essential for gig workers. Keep track of all your income, whether you receive Form 1099-NEC from your customers or not. Many platforms only issue 1099s if you earn $600 or more from them, but all income must be reported, regardless of whether you get a form. On the plus side, gig workers can deduct many business-related expenses to reduce their taxable income. Common deductions include eligible: Vehicle mileage and maintenance expenses, Home office expenses, Advertising and marketing expenses, and Professional services expenses, such as for tax or legal advice. Make sure you keep receipts and records to substantiate these deductions in case of an IRS audit. State and local taxes Don’t forget about state and local taxes. Depending on where you live, you may owe income taxes to your state or city. Some states also have specific requirements for self-employed individuals, such as business licenses or local tax filings. Tips for staying compliant To stay on top of your tax responsibilities, here are four tips to consider: Set aside 25%–30% of your income for taxes. Use accounting software or spreadsheets to track income and expenses. File taxes on time, and don’t ignore IRS correspondence. Consult with us to help you navigate complex deductions and ensure accuracy. Plan ahead for the best results While the gig economy offers many benefits, it also comes with tax responsibilities that workers need to manage proactively. By understanding your obligations, tracking your earnings and expenses and making timely payments, you can avoid penalties and keep more of what you earn. Planning ahead will help ensure your gig work is both profitable and compliant. © 2025 

Many businesses turn to independent contractors to help manage costs, especially during times of staffing shortages and inflation. If you’re among them, ensuring these workers are properly classified for federal tax purposes is crucial. Misclassifying employees as independent contractors can result in expensive consequences if the IRS steps in and reclassifies them. It could lead to audits, back taxes, penalties and even lawsuits. Understanding worker classification Tax law requirements for businesses differ for employees and independent contractors. And determining whether a worker is an employee or an independent contractor for federal income and employment tax purposes isn’t always straightforward. If a worker is classified as an employee, your business must: Withhold federal income and payroll taxes, Pay the employer’s share of FICA taxes, Pay federal unemployment (FUTA) tax, Potentially offer fringe benefits available to other employees, and Comply with additional state tax requirements. In contrast, if a worker qualifies as an independent contractor, these obligations generally don’t apply. Instead, the business simply issues Form 1099-NEC at year end (for payments of $600 or more). Independent contractors are more likely to have more than one client, use their own tools, invoice customers and receive payment under contract terms, and have an opportunity to earn profits or suffer losses on jobs. Defining an employee What defines an “employee”? Unfortunately, there’s no single standard. Generally, the IRS and courts look at the degree of control an organization has over a worker. If the business has the right to direct and control how the work is done, the individual is more likely to be an employee. Employees generally have tools and equipment provided to them and don’t incur unreimbursed business expenses. Some businesses that misclassify workers may qualify for relief under Section 530 of the tax code, but only if specific conditions are met. The requirements include treating all similar workers consistently and filing all related tax documents accordingly. Keep in mind, this relief doesn’t apply to all types of workers. Why you should proceed cautiously with Form SS-8 Businesses can file Form SS-8 to request an IRS determination on a worker’s status. However, this move can backfire. The IRS often leans toward classifying workers as employees, and submitting this form may draw attention to broader classification issues — potentially triggering an employment tax audit. In many cases, it’s wiser to consult with us to help ensure your contractor relationships are properly structured from the outset, minimizing risk and ensuring compliance. For example, you can use written contracts that clearly define the nature of the relationships. You can maintain documentation that supports the classifications, apply consistent treatment to similar workers and take other steps. When a worker files Form SS-8 Workers themselves can also submit Form SS-8 if they believe they’re misclassified — often in pursuit of employee benefits or to reduce self-employment tax. If this happens, the IRS will contact the business, provide a blank Form SS-8 and request it be completed. The IRS will then evaluate the situation and issue a classification decision. Help avoid costly mistakes Worker classification is a nuanced area of tax law. If you have questions or need guidance, reach out to us. We can help you accurately classify your workforce to avoid costly missteps. © 2025 

One question the family of a deceased person often asks is: What happens to debt after a person dies? It’s important to realize that a person’s debt doesn’t simply vanish after his or her death. An estate’s executor or beneficiaries generally aren’t personally liable for any debt. The estate itself is liable for the deceased’s debt. This is true regardless of whether the estate goes through probate or a revocable (or “living”) trust is used to avoid probate. Contrary to popular belief, assets held in a revocable trust aren’t shielded from creditors’ claims. Assets and debts Generally, an estate’s executor is responsible for managing the deceased’s assets and debts. A personal representative can also carry out this task. With respect to debt, the executor should take inventory of the deceased’s debts, evaluate their validity and order of priority, and determine whether they should be paid in full or allowed to continue to accrue during the estate administration process. In some cases, debt that’s tied to a particular asset — a mortgage, for example — may be assumed by the beneficiary who inherits the asset. Certain assets are exempt, however. These include most retirement plan accounts, life insurance proceeds received by a beneficiary and jointly held property with rights of survivorship that passes automatically to the joint owner. Also, assets held in certain irrevocable trusts, such as domestic asset protection trusts, may be shielded from creditors’ claims. The extent of this protection depends on the type of trust and applicable law in the jurisdiction where the trust was created. Assuming the deceased had a will, the estate’s assets generally are used to pay any debts in this order: Assets that pass under the will’s residual clause — that is, assets remaining after all other bequests have been satisfied, Assets that pass under general bequests, and Assets that pass under specific bequests. Note that some states have established homestead exemptions or family allowances that prohibit the sale of certain assets to pay debts. These provisions are designed to give a deceased’s loved ones a minimal level of financial security in the event the estate is insolvent. When debts are greater than the estate’s value If an estate’s debts exceed the value of its assets, certain debts have priority and the estate’s executor must pay those debts first. Although the rules vary from state to state, a typical order of priority is: Estate administration expenses (such as legal and accounting fees), Reasonable funeral expenses, Certain federal taxes or obligations, Unreimbursed medical expenses related to the deceased’s last illness, Certain state taxes or obligations (including Medicaid reimbursement claims), and Other debts. Secured debts, such as mortgages, usually aren’t given high priority. This is because the recipient of the property often assumes responsibility for the debt and the creditor can take the collateral to satisfy its claim. Seek professional guidance Managing debt in an estate can be complex, especially if the estate is insolvent. If you’re the executor of an estate, consult with us. We can help guide you through the process. © 2025 

Today’s businesses have two broad choices regarding cybersecurity: wait for something bad to happen and react to it, or proactively address the threat. Not surprisingly, we recommend the latter approach. The grim truth is cyberattacks are no longer only an information technology (IT) issue. They pose a serious risk to every level and function of a business. That’s why your company should take a holistic approach to cybersecurity. Let’s look at a few ways to put this into practice. Start with leadership Fighting the many cyberthreats currently out there calls for leadership. However, it’s critical not to place sole responsibility for cybersecurity on one person, if possible. If your company has grown to include a wider executive team, delegate responsibilities pertinent to each person’s position. For example, a midsize or larger business might do something like this: The CEO approves and leads the business’s overall cybersecurity strategy, The CFO oversees cybersecurity spending and helps identify key financial data, The COO handles how to integrate cybersecurity measures into daily operations, The CTO manages IT infrastructure to maintain and strengthen cybersecurity, and The CIO supervises the management of data access and storage. To be clear, this is just one example. The specifics of delegation will depend on factors such as the size, structure and strengths of your leadership team. Small business owners can turn to professional advisors for help. Classify data assets Another critical aspect of cybersecurity is properly identifying and classifying data assets. Typically, the more difficult data is to find and label, the greater the risk that it will be accidentally shared or discovered by a particularly invasive hacker. For instance, assets such as Social Security, bank account and credit card numbers are pretty obvious to spot and hide behind firewalls. However, strategic financial projections and many other types of intellectual property may not be clearly labeled and, thus, left insufficiently protected. The most straightforward way to identify all such assets is to conduct a data audit. This is a systematic evaluation of your business’s sources, flow, quality and management practices related to its data. Bigger companies may be able to perform one internally, but many small to midsize businesses turn to consultants. Regularly performed company-wide data audits keep you current on what you must protect. And from there, you can prudently invest in the right cybersecurity solutions. Report, train and test Because cyberattacks can occur by tricking any employee, whether entry-level or C-suite, it’s critical to: Ensure all incidents are reported. Set up at least one mechanism for employees to report suspected cybersecurity incidents. Many businesses simply have a dedicated email for this purpose. You could also implement a phone hotline or an online portal. Train, retrain and upskill continuously. It’s a simple fact: The better trained the workforce, the harder it is for cybercriminals to victimize the company. This starts with thoroughly training new hires on your cybersecurity policies and procedures. But don’t stop there — retrain employees regularly to keep them sharp and vigilant. As much as possible, upskill your staff as well. This means helping them acquire new skills and knowledge in addition to what they already have. Test staff regularly. You may think you’ve adequately trained your employees, but you’ll never really know unless you test them. Among the most common ways to do so is to intentionally send them a phony email to see how many of them identify it as a phishing attempt. Of course, phishing isn’t the only type of cyberattack out there. So, develop other testing methods appropriate to your company’s operations and data assets. These could include pop quizzes, role-playing exercises and incident-response drills. Spend wisely Unfortunately, just about every business must now allocate a percentage of its operating budget to cybersecurity. To get an optimal return on that investment, be sure you’re protecting all of your company, not just certain parts of it. Let us help you identify, organize and analyze all your technology costs. © 2025 

If you’ve recently received a settlement or award from a lawsuit, or you’re expecting one, you may be wondering how the IRS views this money. Will you need to pay taxes on it? The short answer: It depends on the type of damages you received. Understanding the basic rules can help you avoid surprises. Taxable vs. nontaxable awards Not all lawsuit settlements or awards are treated the same under federal tax law. Generally, the IRS breaks them into two categories: Taxable. Awards for lost wages, lost profits, breach of contract and most punitive damages are taxable. For example, punitive damages and awards for unlawful discrimination or harassment are taxable. If you receive compensation for back pay or unpaid wages, the IRS treats it just like income you earn on the job. It’s subject to both income and employment taxes. Also taxable are damages for emotional distress without a physical injury. Nontaxable. Settlements for personal physical injuries or physical sickness are typically excluded from income, meaning you don’t owe taxes on them. However, the injury must be physical (such as a broken bone or illness), not emotional. Special considerations and reporting rules It’s important to recognize that even when part of a settlement is nontaxable, other parts might not be. For example, a case involving both physical injury and lost wages will likely result in mixed tax treatment. Attorneys’ fees are another area that can trip recipients up. Even if your lawyer is paid directly out of your settlement, you’re generally taxed on the full amount before fees are deducted. This means you may owe tax on money you never actually receive. Settlements related to emotional distress or defamation are taxable unless they’re tied to physical harm. And punitive damages are almost always taxable, regardless of the type of case. Why professional help matters Navigating the tax consequences of a lawsuit award can be tricky. In many cases, the settlement agreement will play a key role in determining how the IRS classifies the payment. How damages are described in the settlement can have an impact on your tax bill. For example, it’s helpful to specify which portion of a split settlement is for physical injuries versus emotional distress or lost wages. In negotiating a settlement, it may be possible to stipulate that an award is for physical injuries, rather than emotional, and thus is nontaxable. Without professional guidance, you could miss opportunities to minimize your tax liability or, worse, end up underreporting income. We can help you: Review a settlement agreement for tax implications, Determine how much of your award is taxable, Understand when estimated tax payments might be necessary, and Ensure you report everything accurately on your tax return. Final thoughts While winning or settling a lawsuit or legal claim can bring financial relief, it can also bring tax complexities. Don’t assume that all settlement money is tax-free or that the IRS won’t notice. You want to stay compliant, avoid surprises and make the most of your award. Contact us if you’ve recently received a settlement, award or judgment or you’re expecting one. © 2025 

Even well-run companies experience down years. The federal tax code may allow a bright strategy to lighten the impact. Certain losses, within limits, may be used to reduce taxable income in later years. Who qualifies? The net operating loss (NOL) deduction levels the playing field between businesses with steady income and those with income that rises and falls. It lets businesses with fluctuating income to average their income and losses over the years and pay tax accordingly. You may be eligible for the NOL deduction if your deductions for the tax year are greater than your income. The loss generally must be caused by deductions related to your: Business (Schedules C and F losses, or Schedule K-1 losses from partnerships or S corporations), Casualty and theft losses from a federally declared disaster, or Rental property (Schedule E). The following generally aren’t allowed when determining your NOL: Capital losses that exceed capital gains, The exclusion for gains from the sale or exchange of qualified small business stock, Nonbusiness deductions that exceed nonbusiness income, The NOL deduction itself, and The Section 199A qualified business income deduction. Individuals and C corporations are eligible to claim the NOL deduction. Partnerships and S corporations generally aren’t eligible, but partners and shareholders can use their separate shares of the business’s income and deductions to calculate individual NOLs. What are the changes and limits? Before the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), NOLs could be carried back two years, forward 20 years, and offset up to 100% of taxable income. The TCJA changed the landscape: Carrybacks are eliminated (except certain farm losses). Carryforwards are allowed indefinitely. The deduction is capped at 80% of taxable income for the year. If an NOL carryforward exceeds your taxable income of the target year, the unused balance may become an NOL carryover. Multiple NOLs must be applied in the order they were incurred. What’s the excess business loss limitation? The TCJA established an “excess business loss” limitation, which took effect in 2021. For partnerships and S corporations, this limitation is applied at the partner or shareholder level, after the outside basis, at-risk and passive activity loss limitations have been applied. Under the rule, noncorporate taxpayers’ business losses can offset only business-related income or gain, plus an inflation-adjusted threshold. For 2025, that threshold is $313,000 ($626,000 if married filing jointly). Remaining losses are treated as an NOL carryforward to the next tax year. In other words, you can’t fully deduct them because they become subject to the 80% income limitation on NOLs, reducing their tax value. Important: Under the Inflation Reduction Act, the excess business loss limitation applies to tax years through 2028. Under the TCJA, it had been scheduled to expire after December 31, 2026. Plan proactively Navigating NOLs and the related restrictions is complex, especially when coordinating with other deductions and credits. Thoughtful planning can maximize the benefit of past losses. Please consult with us about how to proceed in your situation. © 2025