The possible tax landscape for businesses in the future

A major tax change is here for businesses with research and experimental (R&E) expenses. On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) reinstated the immediate deduction for U.S.-based R&E expenses, reversing rules under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) that required businesses to capitalize and amortize these costs over five years (15 years for research performed outside the United States). Making the most of R&E tax-saving opportunities The immediate domestic R&E expense deduction generally is available beginning with eligible 2025 expenses. It can substantially reduce your taxable income, but there are strategies you can employ to make the most of R&E tax-saving opportunities: Apply the changes retroactively. If you qualify as a small business (average annual gross receipts of $31 million or less for the last three years), you can file amended returns for 2022, 2023 and/or 2024 to claim the immediate R&E expense deduction and potentially receive a tax refund for those years. The amended returns must be filed by July 4, 2026. Accelerate remaining deductions. Whatever the size of your business, if you began to amortize and capitalize R&E expenses in 2022, 2023 and/or 2024, you can deduct the remaining amount either on your 2025 return or split between your 2025 and 2026 returns, rather than continuing to amortize and capitalize over what remains of the five-year period. Relocate research activities. Consider relocating foreign research activities to the United States. Before the OBBBA, the five-year vs. 15-year amortization period made domestic R&E activities more attractive from a tax perspective. Now the difference between a current deduction and 15-year amortization makes domestic R&E activities even more advantageous tax-wise. Take advantage of the research credit. A tax deduction reduces the amount of income that’s taxed, while a tax credit reduces the actual tax you owe dollar-for-dollar, providing much more tax savings than a deduction of an equal amount. So consider whether you may be eligible for the tax credit for “increasing research activities.” But keep in mind that the types of expenses that qualify for the credit are narrower than those that qualify for the deduction. And you can’t claim both the credit and the deduction for the same expense. We’re here to help With the recent changes to the R&E expense rules, understanding your options is more important than ever. Our team can walk you through the updates, evaluate potential strategies, and help you determine the best approach to maximize your savings and support your business goals. © 2025 

At back-to-school time, much of the focus is on the students returning to the classroom — and on their parents buying them school supplies, backpacks, clothes, etc., for the new school year. But teachers are also buying school supplies for their classrooms. And in many cases, they don’t receive reimbursement. Fortunately, they may be able to deduct some of these expenses on their tax returns. And, beginning next year, eligible educators will have an additional deduction opportunity under the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA). The current above-the-line deduction Eligible educators can deduct some of their unreimbursed out-of-pocket classroom costs under the educator expense deduction. This is an “above-the-line” deduction, which means you don’t have to itemize and it reduces your adjusted gross income (AGI), which has an added benefit: Because AGI-based limits affect a variety of tax breaks, lowering your AGI might help you maximize your tax breaks overall. To be eligible, taxpayers must be kindergarten through grade 12 teachers, instructors, counselors, principals or aides. Also, they must work at least 900 hours a school year in a school that provides elementary or secondary education as determined under state law. For 2025, up to $300 of qualified expenses paid during the year that weren’t reimbursed can be deducted. (The deduction limit is $600 if both taxpayers are eligible educators who file a joint tax return, but these taxpayers can’t deduct more than $300 each.) The limit is annually indexed for inflation but typically doesn’t go up every year. Examples of qualified expenses include books, classroom supplies, computer equipment (including software), other materials used in the classroom, and professional development courses. For courses in health and physical education, the costs for supplies are qualified expenses only if related to athletics. A new miscellaneous itemized deduction The OBBBA makes permanent the Tax Cut and Jobs Act’s (TCJA’s) suspension of miscellaneous itemized deductions subject to the 2% of AGI floor. This had included unreimbursed employee business expenses such as teachers’ out-of-pocket classroom expenses. The suspension had been in place since 2018. But the OBBBA creates a new miscellaneous itemized deduction for educator expenses. This is in addition to the $300 above-the-line deduction. And this deduction isn’t subject to the 2% of AGI floor or a specific dollar limit. The new deduction is available for eligible expenses incurred after Dec. 31, 2025. Both who’s eligible and what expenses qualify are a little broader for the itemized deduction than for the above-the-line deduction. For example, interscholastic sports administrators and coaches are also eligible. And, for courses in health and physical education, the supplies don’t have to be related to athletics. Keep in mind that you’ll have to itemize deductions to claim this new deduction next year. Taxpayers can choose to itemize this and certain other deductions or to take the standard deduction based on their filing status. Itemizing deductions saves tax only when the total is greater than the standard deduction. The OBBBA has made permanent the nearly doubled standard deductions under the TCJA, so fewer taxpayers are benefiting from itemizing. Carefully track expenses If you’re a teacher or other educator, keep receipts when you pay for eligible expenses and note the date, amount and purpose of each purchase. Have questions about educator deductions or other tax-saving strategies? Please contact us. © 2025 

For family business owners, an estate plan and a succession plan often work in tandem, ensuring that both personal and business affairs transition smoothly. Your estate plan can help ensure that your assets are distributed according to your wishes and provide contingencies in the event of your death or disability before retirement. Your succession plan can pave the way for a seamless transfer of leadership upon your retirement. Here’s how they work together. Two types of succession One reason transferring a family business is so challenging is the distinction between ownership and management succession. When a company is sold to a third party, ownership and management succession typically happen simultaneously. But in the family business context, there may be reasons to separate the two. From an estate planning perspective, transferring assets to the younger generation as early as possible allows you to remove future appreciation from your estate, minimizing estate taxes. On the other hand, you may not be ready to hand over the reins of your business or you may feel that your children aren’t yet prepared to take over. There are several strategies owners can use to transfer ownership without immediately giving up control, including: Placing business interests in a trust, family limited partnership or other vehicle that allows the owner to transfer substantial ownership interests to the younger generation while retaining management control, Transferring ownership to the next generation in the form of nonvoting stock, or Establishing an employee stock ownership plan. Another reason to separate ownership and management succession is to deal with family members who aren’t involved in the business. Providing heirs outside the business with nonvoting stock or other equity interests that don’t confer control can be an effective way to share the wealth while allowing those who work in the business to take over management. Unique conflicts One more unique challenge presented by family businesses is that the older and younger generations may have conflicting financial needs. Fortunately, there are strategies available to generate cash flow for the owner while minimizing the burden on the next generation. They include: An installment sale of the business to children or other family members. This provides liquidity for the owners while easing the burden on the younger generation and improving the chance that the purchase can be funded by cash flows from the business. Plus, as long as the price and terms are comparable to arm’s length transactions between unrelated parties, the sale shouldn’t trigger gift or estate taxes. A grantor retained annuity trust (GRAT). By transferring business interests to a GRAT, owners obtain a variety of gift and estate tax benefits (provided they survive the trust term) while enjoying a fixed income stream for a period of years. At the end of the term, the business is transferred to the owners’ children or other beneficiaries. GRATs are typically designed to be gift-tax-free. Because each family business is different, it’s important to work with your estate planning advisor to identify appropriate strategies in line with your objectives and resources. Cover all your bases Ultimately, having both a succession plan and an estate plan in place is an act of foresight and care. These plans protect loved ones, preserve wealth and provide clarity in uncertain times. Just as important, they reduce the likelihood of conflicts among heirs or stakeholders, helping to ensure that what you’ve worked hard to build continues to thrive. However, integrating a succession plan with your estate plan can be complex and arduous. Fortunately, you don’t have to go it alone. Contact us for assistance. © 2025

Your business’s brand is more than just a logo or tagline. It represents the culmination of everything you’ve accomplished to date, as well as a promise to uphold the reputation you’ve established. But that doesn’t mean your brand has to remain static. In fact, it may need a refresh as your company grows, markets evolve and customer expectations change. The only way to know for sure is to occasionally shine a light on your brand to determine whether it’s still optimally visible to the people you want to reach. Locate yourself When reassessing your brand, first locate where your company stands today. Consider its strengths and how they’ve evolved over time — or very recently. Maybe you’ve pivoted over the last several years to address changing economic or market conditions. Look for strong suits such as: Notable excellence in product or service design, Exceptional customer service, Providing superior value for your price points, and Innovation in your industry. You need to match your business’s mission, vision and strengths to the needs and wants of the market you serve — and express that through your brand. To that end, ask current customers what they like about doing business with you. And survey both customers and prospects about what they consider when making buying decisions. Pinpoint your personality If you look at any widely known brand, you’ll see a logo and broader branding effort that conveys a certain personality. Some companies want to appear creative and playful; others want to communicate stability and security. What personality will draw customers to your business? You may think every company in your industry has the same target audience. If that’s true, you must come up with an edge that differentiates your business from its rivals. Your company may have various points of contact with customers, such as business cards, print advertisements and catalogs, and your website’s home page and social media accounts. All play a role in your brand’s personality. Review what your company does at each contact point, considering whether and how these efforts accurately and effectively represent the business’s core values and emphasize its strengths. Doing so will give you more insight into the best way to portray your personality through your brand. Check up on the competition Of course, competitors have brands all their own — and they’re after your target audience. So, in creating or refining your brand, you’ll need to identify their tactics and develop countermeasures. To do so, engage in competitive intelligence. This simply means ethically and legally gathering information on their latest products or services, pricing and special offers, marketing and advertising methods, and social media activities. In some cases, you may discover that a full rebranding campaign is necessary to differentiate your business from the competition. For example, let’s say a major player has entered your market and you’re worried about visibility, or perhaps your brand is blurring with another company’s. Stand out Branding is an ongoing process of reflecting on your company’s identity and refining how you present it to the world. By building on your strengths, expressing a clear and consistent personality, and keeping a close eye on competitors, your business can stand out in a crowded marketplace. Let us help you evaluate branding from a cost-planning perspective to ensure that any chosen strategy aligns with your budget and strategic goals. © 2025 

By purchasing stock in certain small businesses, you can diversify your investment portfolio. You also may enjoy preferential tax treatment, some of which is getting even better under the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) that was signed into law in July: Qualified small business (QSB) stock now offers more tax-saving opportunities. QSB defined A QSB generally is a U.S. C corporation that meets two requirements, one of which has been eased by the OBBBA to allow more businesses to qualify: 1. It must be engaged in an active trade or business. A qualified active business is generally any trade or business other than: Service businesses in the following fields: health, law, engineering, architecture, accounting, actuarial science, performing arts, consulting, athletics, financial services and brokerage services, Banking, insurance, financing, leasing, investing and similar businesses, Farming businesses, Certain oil, gas and mining businesses, and Operators of hotels, motels, restaurants and similar businesses. Additionally, the company must use at least 80% of its assets (by value) to conduct one or more qualified active businesses. And no more than 10% of its assets can consist of nonbusiness real estate. 2. It must have assets below a certain ceiling. Before the OBBBA, the business’s aggregate gross assets generally couldn’t exceed $50 million. The OBBBA increases the asset ceiling to $75 million (adjusted for inflation after 2026) for stock issued after July 4, 2025. If the issuer owns more than 50% of another corporation’s stock, the subsidiary’s assets are included for purposes of the gross asset test. A corporation isn’t disqualified if its assets grow beyond the threshold after issuing the stock. A valuable gain exclusion When QSB stock tax breaks were initially introduced, you could exclude 50% of your capital gain from the sale of QSB stock if you’d held it at least five years. Subsequently, Congress enhanced the exclusion. If you acquired QSB stock after February 17, 2009, and before September 28, 2010, 75% of the gain is excludible after the five-year holding period. If you acquired it on or after September 28, 2010, the exclusion is 100% after five years. Now the OBBBA provides new, but smaller exclusions for QSB stock held for shorter periods. Specifically, it provides a 75% exclusion for QSB stock held for four years and a 50% exclusion for QSB stock held for three years. These exclusions go into effect for QSB stock acquired after July 4, 2025. If the QSB stock is received by gift or inheritance, the transferor’s holding period is added to the recipient’s. Additional rules To qualify for the gain exclusion, generally you must acquire the stock as part of an original issuance. In other words, you must acquire it directly from the corporation (or through an underwriter) — not from an existing shareholder — in exchange for money or property (other than stock) or as compensation for services. This requirement has some exceptions, including for stock received by gift or inheritance. There is also a limit on the size of the exclusion. The amount of QSB gain on a particular issuer’s stock that you may exclude each year is limited to the greater of $10 million or 10 times your aggregate adjusted tax basis in stock sold during the tax year. Finally, be aware that some states don’t offer QSB gain exclusions. So state-level taxes may still apply. One more opportunity If within 60 days of selling QSB stock you buy other QSB stock with the proceeds, you can defer any tax on your gain until you dispose of the new stock. The rolled-over gain reduces your basis in the new stock. For determining long-term capital gains treatment, the new stock’s holding period includes the holding period of the stock you sold. Similar rules apply if QSB stock is converted into a different stock of the same corporation. The original stock’s holding period is added to the new stock’s holding period. Consider carefully QSB stock offers some significant tax benefits. But, as when contemplating any investment, you must think about more than just taxes. You should also consider factors such as your investment goals, time horizon and risk tolerance. Contact us to discuss the tax implications in more detail. © 2025 

Divorce is stressful under any circumstances, but for business owners, the process can be even more complicated. Your business ownership interest is often one of your largest personal assets, and in many cases, part or all of it will be considered marital property. Understanding the tax rules that apply to asset division can help you avoid costly surprises. Tax-free transfers Most assets — including cash and business ownership interests — can be divided between spouses without triggering federal income or gift taxes. Under this tax-free transfer rule, the spouse receiving the asset assumes its existing tax basis (used to determine gain or loss) and holding period (short-term or long-term). Example: If you give your spouse the marital home in exchange for keeping 100% of your company stock, the transfer is tax-free. Both the home and the stock retain their original tax basis and holding period for the new owner. Tax-free treatment applies to transfers made: Before the divorce is finalized, At the time of divorce, and After divorce, if they occur within one year of the marriage ending or within six years if required under the divorce agreement. Future tax consequences While transfers may be tax-free at the time, the recipient will owe taxes if he or she later sells an appreciated asset (where fair market value exceeds the tax basis). For instance, if your ex-spouse receives 48% of your highly appreciated company stock, no tax is due at transfer. However, when he or she sells the stock, your ex will pay any capital gains tax based on your original basis and holding period. Important: Appreciated assets come with built-in tax liabilities, which generally makes them less valuable than an equal amount of cash or non-appreciated property. Always account for taxes when negotiating a divorce settlement. This rule also applies to ordinary-income assets — such as business receivables, inventory or nonqualified stock options. These can be transferred tax-free, but the recipient will report the income and pay taxes when the asset is sold, collected or exercised. Valuation and adjustments for tax liabilities A critical step in a divorce involving a business is determining its value. When valuing a business interest for this purpose, the valuator must understand what’s appropriate under applicable state law and legal precedent because the rules and guidance may vary across jurisdictions. The valuation process may be contentious, especially if one spouse is actively involved in the business and the other isn’t (or will no longer be involved after the divorce is settled). A professional valuation considers tangible assets (including equipment, inventory and property), intangible assets (including intellectual property) and other factors. Potential tax liabilities are also considered during the valuation process. Examples include deferred taxes on appreciated assets, liabilities from unreported income or cash distributions, and implications from goodwill. These adjustments can significantly affect the business interest’s value and the fairness of the settlement agreement. Nontax issues There are a number of issues unrelated to taxes that a divorcing business owner should be prepared to address, including: Cash flow and liquidity. Divorce settlements may require significant cash outlays — for example, to buy out a spouse’s share of the business or to meet alimony and child support obligations. This can strain the business’s liquidity, especially if the owner must take out loans or sell assets to meet these obligations. We can help assess the impact of these financial demands and develop strategies to maintain healthy cash flow, such as restructuring debt or revisiting budgets. Privacy and confidentiality. Divorce proceedings may expose sensitive business information. Financial statements, client lists and proprietary data may become part of the public record. Business owners should work with legal and financial advisors to protect confidentiality, possibly through protective orders or sealed filings. Plan ahead to minimize risk Divorce can create unexpected tax and financial consequences, especially when dividing business interests and retirement accounts (such as 401(k) accounts and IRAs). The financial stakes are often higher for business owners, making careful planning essential. We can help you navigate these rules and structure your settlement to minimize tax liabilities while complying with state community property laws. The earlier you address potential tax issues, the better your financial outcome after divorce. © 2025 

The One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) shifts the landscape for federal income tax deductions for state and local taxes (SALT), albeit temporarily. If you have high SALT expenses, the changes could significantly reduce your federal income tax liability. But it requires careful planning to maximize the benefits — and avoid potential traps that could increase your effective tax rate. A little background Less than a decade ago, eligible SALT expenses were generally 100% deductible on federal income tax returns if an individual itemized deductions. This provided substantial tax savings to many taxpayers in locations with higher income or property tax rates (or higher home values). Beginning in 2018, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) put a $10,000 limit on the deduction ($5,000 for married couples filing separately). This SALT cap was scheduled to expire after 2025. What’s new? Rather than letting the $10,000 cap expire or immediately making it permanent, Congress included a provision in the OBBBA that temporarily quadruples the limit. Beginning in 2025, taxpayers can deduct up to $40,000 ($20,000 for separate filers), with 1% increases each subsequent year. Then in 2030, the OBBBA reinstates the $10,000 cap. While the higher limit is in place, it’s reduced for taxpayers with incomes above a certain level. The allowable deduction drops by 30% of the amount by which modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) exceeds a threshold amount. For 2025, the threshold is $500,000; when MAGI reaches $600,000, the previous $10,000 cap applies. (These amounts are halved for separate filers.) The MAGI threshold will also increase 1% each year through 2029. Deductible SALT expenses include property taxes (for homes, vehicles and boats) and either income tax or sales tax, but not both. If you live in a state without income taxes or opt for the sales tax route for another reason, you don’t have to save all your receipts for the year and manually calculate your sales tax; you can use the IRS Sales Tax Deduction Calculator to determine the amount of sales tax you can claim. (It includes the ability to add actual sales tax paid on certain big-ticket items, such as a vehicle.) The increased SALT cap could lead to major tax savings compared with the $10,000 cap. For example, a single taxpayer in the 35% tax bracket with $40,000 in SALT expenses and MAGI below the threshold amount would save an additional $10,500 [35% × ($40,000 − $10,000)]. The calculation would be different if the taxpayer’s MAGI exceeded the threshold. Let’s say MAGI is $560,000, which is $60,000 over the 2025 threshold. The cap would be reduced by $18,000 (30% × $60,000), leaving a maximum SALT deduction of $22,000 ($40,000 − $18,000). Even reduced, that’s more than twice what would be permitted under the $10,000 cap. The itemization decision The SALT deduction is available only to taxpayers who itemize their deductions. The TCJA nearly doubled the standard deduction. As a result of that change and the $10,000 SALT cap, the number of taxpayers who itemize dropped substantially. And, under the OBBBA, the standard deduction is even higher — for 2025, it’s $15,750 for single and separate filers, $23,625 for heads of household filers, and $31,500 for joint filers. But the higher SALT cap might make it worthwhile for some taxpayers who’ve been claiming the standard deduction post-TCJA to start itemizing again. Consider, for example, a taxpayer who pays high state income tax. If that amount combined with other itemized deductions (generally, certain medical and dental expenses, home mortgage interest, qualified casualty and theft losses, and charitable contributions) exceeds the applicable standard deduction, the taxpayer will save more tax by itemizing. Beware the “SALT torpedo” Taxpayers whose MAGI falls between $500,000 and $600,000 and who have large SALT expenses should be aware of what some are calling the “SALT torpedo.” As your income climbs into this range, you don’t just add income. You also lose part of the SALT deduction, increasing your taxable income further.  Let’s say your MAGI is $600,000, you have $40,000 in SALT expenses and you have $35,000 in other itemized deductions. The $100,000 increase in income from $500,000 actually raises your taxable income by $130,000:

Make no mistake, serving as an executor (or a “personal representative” in some states) is an honor. But the title also includes significant responsibilities. So if a family member or a close friend asks you to be the executor of his or her estate, think about your answer before agreeing to the request. Let’s take a closer look at an executor’s tasks. First steps In a nutshell, an executor handles all jobs required to settle the deceased’s estate. The first task is to obtain certified copies of the death certificate, which are needed to notify financial institutions where the deceased had accounts. Typically, the funeral home or other organization that handled the deceased’s remains can provide them. It’s not unusual to need a dozen or more copies. An executor must also locate and read the will, if one exists. An attorney who specializes in estate planning can advise you on the terms of the will and the laws that apply. If the deceased had a trust, additional responsibilities may be involved. Depending on local law, you may also need to file the will in probate court, even if probate proceedings aren’t necessary. Probate, or the legal process for administering an estate, is more common with larger, more complex estates. If the deceased had minor or dependent adult children, they may need to be connected with their guardians. A clear, logical trail of the actions taken can show that the decisions you made as executor were prudent and in the interest of the estate. This can be critical if a beneficiary contests the estate’s administration. Take inventory of the assets Ideally, the deceased will have created a list of his or her assets. If not, some digging may be required. For instance, reviewing the deceased’s checkbook register or bank account statements may reveal regular deposits to a retirement account or life insurance premium payments. Then you’ll need to find out the value of these assets. If the deceased received government benefits, such as Social Security, notify the agency as soon as possible. You may need to have fine jewelry and similar assets appraised. And you’ll need to maintain insurance on some assets while they remain in the estate, such as vehicles and real estate. File a tax return, settle debts and distribute assets to beneficiaries The deceased’s taxes and debts are typically paid before assets are distributed to the heirs. These might include outstanding tax obligations, funeral expenses, ongoing mortgage and utility payments, and credit card bills. You may need to file an income tax return for the year of the deceased’s death, and check that the deceased’s other tax filings are up to date. If he or she had been sick, it’s possible that some tax obligations were neglected. Estates valued at $13.99 million or less (for 2025) generally don’t need to file estate tax returns. You should be able to open a bank account in the name of the estate to make any payments. If you’ll need to delay payments while you sort out the deceased’s assets and expenses, let creditors know as soon as possible. Keep beneficiaries and heirs apprised of the status of the will. After the deceased’s bills and taxes have been paid, you typically can begin distributing assets according to the terms of the will. However, some states require court approval before you take this step. Close the estate Your final task is to close the estate. This typically occurs after debts and taxes have been paid and all remaining assets have been distributed. Some states require a court action or agreement from the estate’s beneficiaries before the estate can be closed and the executor’s responsibilities terminated. Be aware that completing the executor’s jobs can take a year or more, depending on the complexity of the estate. Moreover, in carrying out these duties, the executor acts as a fiduciary for the estate and can be liable for improperly spending estate assets or failing to protect them. Contact us for additional information regarding the duties of an executor. © 2025 

Businesses with more than one owner benefit from having multiple viewpoints and varying skill sets. However, they also face serious risks of uncertainty and conflict if one of the owners suddenly departs or undergoes a major life change. A carefully crafted buy-sell agreement can guard against these risks — if it’s securely funded. Transfer guidelines A “buy-sell” (as it’s often called) is a legally enforceable contract among a company’s owners that sets guidelines for transferring ownership interests. It gives the remaining owners or the business itself the right — or, in some cases, the responsibility — to buy an exiting owner’s interest if a “triggering event” occurs. Such events may include an owner’s death, disability, divorce, retirement, voluntary departure, and loss of professional license or certification. Essentially, the buy-sell creates a market for a withdrawing owner’s interest. It also defines how the price of an ownership interest will be determined, including identifying a valuation method and standard of value. By outlining when and to whom interests can be sold — and for how much — the agreement ultimately helps prevent conflicts among remaining owners or with the withdrawing owner’s family. Popular choice When a triggering event occurs, a substantial amount of money is typically needed to buy the departing owner’s interests. So, it’s critical to properly fund a buy-sell. One popular choice is life insurance. Although such coverage might seem useful only to provide liquidity in the event of an owner’s death, it’s not limited to such situations. The right policy, sometimes combined with riders or other types of coverage, can help ensure that departing owners or their beneficiaries efficiently receive the agreed-upon price for ownership interests following eligible triggering events. Meanwhile, it can ease the strain on the company’s cash flow and reduce the likelihood that the business will have to sell assets to fund an ownership interest buyout. Various structures Buy-sells can be structured to use life insurance in various ways. One option is a cross-purchase agreement, where each owner takes out a policy on each of the other owners. For example, let’s say you buy coverage for your business partner. If that individual dies, triggering the buy-sell, you’ll collect the death benefit and use it to buy the ownership interest from your partner’s estate. Assuming it’s large enough, the policy should guarantee you’ll have the funding to fulfill your obligations under the agreement. Other benefits include: The insurance proceeds won’t be taxable as long as you plan properly, and Your tax basis in the newly acquired interests will equal the purchase price. On the downside, a cross-purchase agreement can be cumbersome if there are more than a few owners because of the number of policies required. It can also be unfair if there’s a significant disparity in owners’ ages or health, causing the policy premiums to vary substantially. One alternative is establishing a trust or separate partnership to buy a policy on each owner. If an owner dies, the trust or partnership collects the death benefits on behalf of the remaining owners and pays each one’s share of the ownership interest buyout. Another option is a redemption agreement. Under this approach, the business — not the individual owners — buys a policy on each owner’s life. The company holds the insurance and receives the proceeds following a qualifying triggering event, which it then uses to buy a departing owner’s interest. A disadvantage of a redemption agreement is that the remaining owners won’t receive a step-up in basis when the company buys the departing owner’s interest. This can result in higher capital gains taxes. Additionally, in the 2024 case of Connelly v. United States, the U.S. Supreme Court held that the value of corporate-owned life insurance used to meet a redemption agreement should be included in the value of a deceased owner’s business interest for federal estate tax purposes. And that doesn’t include any offsetting reduction for the company’s obligation to redeem the deceased owner’s interest. The ruling may have adverse consequences for estates subject to the federal estate tax. Under current law, the unified federal estate and gift tax exemption is $13.99 million for 2025 and $15 million for 2026. Bottom line The bottom line is, if not properly funded, a buy-sell agreement won’t likely benefit anyone. Work with your attorney to create and occasionally review yours. Meanwhile, we can help you choose an optimal funding strategy and advise you on the tax implications. © 2025