Should a married couple use a joint trust or separate trusts?

If you operate your business as a C corporation, how you put money into your company — and how you take it back out — can have a major impact on your tax bill. Payments from shareholders to fund the business can either be classified as capital contributions (equity) or shareholder loans (debt). That might sound like an accounting technicality, but it has real tax consequences because our federal income tax system treats corporate debt more favorably than corporate equity. Put simply, equity can lead to double taxation; loans can help you avoid it. Why it matters Companies occasionally need capital infusions. Start-ups need cash to help get the business up and running. And established businesses may need additional funds to pursue growth opportunities or cover short-term cash flow gaps. If your business needs money, you could seek financing from a third-party lender. But for closely held businesses, shareholders are often a more convenient (and affordable) source of financing. Some closely held C corporations are funded exclusively with equity, but many are intentionally structured with a mix of equity and shareholder loans. Lending money to your corporation can be a tax-smart move over the long run. That’s because when you later get your money back out of the corporation in the form of loan repayments, the repayments of loan principal will generally be tax-free. Interest payments on a shareholder loan are taxable to you as ordinary income, but the corporation gets an offsetting deduction. In essence, shareholder loans provide a built-in, tax-advantaged mechanism for C corporation owners to get cash out of the business. In contrast, making a capital contribution (a stock investment) can be costly from a tax perspective. When you later, as an equity investor, want to take cash out of the corporation, the withdrawals may be treated as nondeductible dividends to the extent of the corporation’s earnings and profits. This results in double taxation. In other words, the corporation already paid income taxes on the profits (at a flat 21% rate), and you as a shareholder must pay individual-level taxes on the dividends. The maximum federal rate on qualified dividends is 20%, but most taxpayers pay 15%. Individuals may also owe the 3.8% net investment income tax (NIIT) on dividends. How it works Suppose your C corporation needs a $5 million capital infusion. As the sole shareholder, you ante up with a $2 million capital contribution and a $3 million loan. You execute a formal, written note that specifies the loan terms, including the interest rate, maturity date, any collateral pledged to secure the loan and a repayment schedule. If the interest rate on your loan to the company equals or exceeds the applicable federal rate (AFR), you’ll avoid federal income tax complications and possible adverse tax results. AFRs can change monthly. In April 2026, the monthly AFR for mid-term loans with terms of three to nine years is only 3.75%. This is significantly lower than the rate you’d get from a third-party lender. This capital structure allows you to recover $3 million of your investment in the company as tax-free repayments of loan principal. The interest payments give you additional cash from the corporation without double taxation, because your company can deduct the interest. If you instead supply the full $5 million as a capital contribution and later want to withdraw money, all or part of the withdrawal could be treated as a double-taxed dividend. For instance, say you withdraw $3 million after a few years, and the entire amount is treated as a taxable dividend. Assuming you’d be subject to the maximum 20% federal income tax rate and the 3.8% NIIT, you’d owe Uncle Sam $714,000 on the withdrawal ($3 million × 23.8%). You could have avoided incurring that tax liability by making a $2 million capital contribution and a $3 million loan to the corporation. Bottom line Structuring part of a needed capital infusion as a loan — rather than all equity — can minimize double taxation, giving you a more tax-efficient way to access cash in the future. But this arrangement only works if it’s properly documented and respected as bona fide debt. This includes 1) drafting a written promissory note with a stated interest rate and stated repayment dates, and 2) making timely principal and interest payments. The IRS may reclassify shareholder loans as equity if they’re not properly structured, thereby eliminating the intended tax benefits. If you’d like to take advantage of this strategy, we can explain your options and help you structure the loan to reduce the chance of IRS reclassification. © 2026 

A family limited partnership (FLP) allows you to manage and protect your wealth while gradually transferring it to your children or other heirs. Additional benefits include potential tax savings and protection from creditors. And you don’t have to own a business to have an FLP. FLPs in a nutshell To take advantage of an FLP, you form a limited partnership to transfer a family business, real estate, investments or other assets. Initially, you receive a general partnership interest of 1% or 2% and limited partnership interests totaling 99% or 98%. You then sell or gift the limited partnership interests to your children or other family members. As a general partner, you retain management control over the partnership assets, even after you’ve transferred most of the assets’ value to other family members. The significant benefit here is that an FLP removes wealth from your estate while the federal gift and estate tax exemption is at a record high without you immediately parting with control over that wealth. For 2026, the exemption amount is $15 million ($30 million on a combined basis for married couples). (Although there’s no longer an expiration date for the high exemption, lawmakers could still reduce the amount in the future.) Limited partners, on the other hand, have minimal control over the partnership, and their ability to sell their interests to nonfamily members is generally highly restricted by terms of the partnership agreement. This allows the older generation to consolidate management of family assets and keep them in the family. Reduce your taxable estate Transferring FLP interests to family members removes the value of the underlying assets from your taxable estate. Although interests that are gifted rather than sold (or sold for less than fair market value) are taxable gifts, they can be shielded (in whole or in part) from federal gift tax by your gift and estate tax exemption. In addition, because limited partnership interests possess little control over the partnership and are challenging to sell, their value for gift tax purposes is generally discounted substantially. This allows the older generation to give away even more wealth tax-free. Shift income to a lower tax bracket A properly structured and operated FLP allows you to shift income to your children or other family members who may be in lower tax brackets. An FLP is a pass-through entity for income tax purposes. In other words, there’s no entity-level federal tax. Instead, the FLP’s income (as well as its deductions, credits and other items) is passed through to the individual partner, who reports his or her share on a personal income tax return. So, for example, if you’re in the 35% tax bracket and transfer FLP interests to family members in the 10% or 12% bracket, the tax savings can be substantial. However, your ability to shift income to children may be limited because of the “kiddie” tax, which can apply to children as old as 23, depending on the circumstances. Increase asset protection Transferring assets to an FLP can place them beyond the reach of certain creditors. Generally, an FLP’s assets are protected against claims by the limited partners’ personal creditors. In most cases, those creditors are limited to obtaining rights to distributions, if any, received by a limited partner. In addition, limited partners’ personal assets held outside the FLP are generally shielded against claims by the FLP’s creditors. General partners don’t enjoy the same protections. Still, they may be able to limit their personal liability by forming a corporation or limited liability company to hold their general partnership interests. Seek professional guidance A potential downside to consider is that establishing and maintaining an FLP requires legal and tax expertise, ongoing administrative oversight and strict adherence to partnership formalities to withstand IRS scrutiny. Contact us for help determining whether an FLP would be beneficial for your family. © 2026

“Cross-functional” sales teams that collaborate with other departments often perform more effectively than siloed ones. By providing feedback and support, employees with varied skill sets and knowledge bases can help your sales team create more holistic sales strategies, better align product offerings with customer needs and efficiently adapt to market changes. Here’s how sales can leverage the expertise of marketing, product development, customer service, finance and other internal stakeholders. Fighting silos A cross-functional team is any group of employees from different departments brought together to solve a problem or pursue a goal. Your company might assemble such teams to develop new products or services, implement technology upgrades, and complete short-term projects. However, the cross-functional approach really shines when applied to sales and marketing. Even though these departments are closely connected, they often operate in separate spheres. Silos can also exist within the sales team, where individuals work largely on their own and share limited information. Many salespeople spend their time interacting with prospective customers or clients. They might only “come up for air” to share information and experiences at sales meetings or in conversations with managers. This can result in missed opportunities to communicate insights on customers, prices and other issues. Team members By building a cross-functional sales team, you can eliminate such silos. You should aim to create an environment where employees feel comfortable sharing information and working together. Seek early buy-in from employees who communicate well and are open to collaboration. They can help you promote the concept and encourage broader employee buy-in. Your team will obviously need to include members of both the sales and marketing departments. But don’t stop there. Someone from your IT department could help recommend tech solutions for sales department challenges. A customer service rep might be able to provide insights into how customers are likely to respond to changes in product features. A finance team member could weigh in on profitability by product or customer. Cross-functional sales teams don’t require complex leadership structures. In fact, appointing a team leader from within the group can encourage open participation and accountability. Other benefits The advantages of forming a cross-functional sales team extend beyond improving sales results: Such teams can infuse fresh perspectives into all your departments, inspire greater communication companywide and support more consistent decision-making. Over time, this approach can lead to clearer visibility into what’s driving revenue and profitability. If you’re looking to better align sales with your overall business strategy, contact us. We can help you identify where cross-functional collaboration will likely pay off. © 2026 

Generally, each year you can contribute up to the annual limit to a traditional or Roth IRA (or a combination of the two). But once the contribution deadline has passed, the opportunity to contribute for that year is lost forever. The deadline for 2025 IRA contributions is April 15, 2026. You may be eligible to deduct all or part of your IRA contribution and save taxes on your 2025 return. But even if you can’t claim a deduction, contributing can still be beneficial. How much can you contribute? For 2025, the IRA contribution limit is $7,000. If you’re age 50 or older, you can make an additional $1,000 catch-up contribution. Generally, contributions can’t exceed the IRA owner’s earned income. However, spousal IRAs allow contributions to be made to an IRA in a nonworking spouse’s name based on the working spouse’s earned income. The contribution limit applies to traditional and Roth IRAs on a combined basis. So, assuming you’re eligible, you can contribute $7,000 to a traditional IRA or $7,000 to a Roth IRA — or you can split the limit and, say, contribute $5,000 to a traditional IRA and $2,000 to a Roth (or whatever split you prefer that doesn’t exceed $7,000). Are you eligible to deduct your contributions? Deductible traditional IRA contributions reduce your current tax bill. Earnings in the IRA are also tax deferred. However, every dollar you withdraw is taxed (and subject to a 10% penalty before age 59½, unless an exception applies). You can make a fully deductible contribution to a traditional IRA if you (and your spouse, if you’re married) aren’t an active participant in an employer-sponsored retirement plan. But if you (and/or your spouse) are an active participant in an employer plan, your deduction might be partially or fully phased out. The phaseout applies if your modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) exceeds certain levels that vary from year to year by filing status. For 2025, the deduction phases out over the following MAGI ranges: If you’re single or a head of household: $79,000 to $89,000. If you’re married filing jointly and you’re covered by an employer plan: $126,000 to $146,000. If you’re a joint filer and not actively participating in an employer retirement plan but your spouse is: $236,000 to $246,000. If you’re married filing separately and lived with your spouse at any time during 2025: $0 to $10,000. If your MAGI is in the applicable range, you can make a deductible contribution equal to a portion of the $7,000 contribution limit. (The specific amount depends on where your MAGI falls within the range.) If it exceeds the applicable range, you can’t deduct any IRA contribution. Are you eligible to make Roth IRA contributions? Contributions to a Roth IRA aren’t deductible. However, withdrawals from a Roth IRA are tax-free as long as the account has been open at least five years and you’re age 59½ or older. This means that growth in the account is never taxed as long as you meet those two requirements. There are income limits on who can make Roth IRA contributions. For 2025, the ability to contribute phases out over the following MAGIs: If you’re single or a head of household: $150,000 to $165,000. If you’re married filing jointly: $236,000 to $246,000. If you’re married filing separately and lived with your spouse at any time during 2025: $0 to $10,000. You can make a Roth contribution equal to a portion of the $7,000 contribution limit if your MAGI falls within the applicable range. (The specific amount depends on where your MAGI falls within the range.) But you can’t make any Roth contribution if it exceeds the top of the range. Should you make nondeductible traditional IRA contributions? If you’re ineligible to make Roth IRA contributions or deductible traditional IRA contributions because your income is too high, a nondeductible traditional IRA contribution can be beneficial. While it won’t reduce your 2025 taxes, the contribution can grow tax-deferred. When you take qualified withdrawals in retirement, only the portion attributable to the growth will be taxed. The portion attributable to your contribution will be tax-free because the contribution was made with income that had already been taxed. If you don’t already have a traditional IRA, you can use a nondeductible contribution to create a “backdoor” Roth IRA. You set up a traditional IRA and make a nondeductible contribution to it. Then you can convert the traditional account to a Roth account as soon as the contribution transaction clears. Normally, Roth conversions are taxable. But in this case, the only tax due will be on any growth in the account between the time you made the contribution and the date of conversion. What else is there to consider? Making a 2025 IRA contribution can provide tax savings today or when you take distributions in retirement. And you can benefit from tax-deferred or tax-free compounding. But you need to contribute by April 15, 2026 — even if you file for an extension on your 2025 return. And be sure to indicate that it’s for 2025 and not 2026. Do you have more questions about IRA contributions or other tax-advantaged retirement savings options? Contact us. © 2026 

Most businesses close their books for tax and accounting purposes on December 31 because it aligns with the calendar year. But a calendar year isn’t always the best option. For some companies, choosing a fiscal year end that better reflects their business cycle can improve financial reporting and simplify year-end procedures and tax filing. Here’s what you should know when deciding on the right tax year end for your business. Fiscal-year basics A fiscal year is a 12-month accounting period that doesn’t end on December 31. For example, a company might operate on a fiscal year running from July 1 through June 30. Some businesses use a 52- or 53-week fiscal year. These periods don’t necessarily end on the last day of a month. Instead, they may close on the same weekday each year, such as the last Friday in March. This approach is common in industries where weekly activity cycles are more meaningful than monthly reporting. Using a fiscal year also changes tax filing deadlines. Pass-through entities — including partnerships, limited liability companies and S corporations — generally must file their tax returns by the 15th day of the third month after their fiscal year ends. For example, a business with a June 30 fiscal year end would file its return by September 15. Fiscal-year C corporations generally must file by the 15th day of the fourth month following the fiscal year close. (These correspond to the calendar-year deadlines of March 15 for pass-throughs, which is the 15th day of the third month after December 31, and April 15 for C corporations, which is the 15th day of the fourth month after December 31.) When a fiscal year makes sense Not every business can choose its own tax year. Sole proprietorships typically must use a calendar year because the business isn’t legally separate from its owner, who files an individual tax return based on the calendar year. Other businesses may be able to adopt a fiscal year if they can demonstrate a valid business purpose or qualify for certain IRS elections. In practice, this usually means aligning the tax year with the company’s operating cycle. For seasonal businesses, a fiscal year can provide a clearer view of performance. Construction companies, farms, accounting firms and retailers often experience significant fluctuations throughout the year. Consider a snowplowing company that earns most of its revenue between November and March. A December 31 year end divides one winter season into two tax years, making it harder to evaluate profitability for that period. A fiscal year ending after the winter season may present financial results more accurately than a calendar year would. Businesses that restructure or significantly change their operations may also consider changing their tax year. Doing so generally requires IRS approval by filing Form 1128, “Application to Adopt, Change or Retain a Tax Year.” Companies that change their tax year usually must also file a return for the short period created during the transition. Beyond taxes The benefits of adopting a fiscal year aren’t limited to tax reporting. Choosing the right year end can also make financial reporting and planning easier.  If a company’s busiest months fall late in the calendar year, closing the books on December 31 can disrupt operations and strain accounting staff during an already demanding period. Moving the year end to a slower time can make it easier to perform inventory counts, review contracts and complete financial statements. This can be especially helpful for businesses that rely on detailed job costing or inventory management. Completing year-end accounting tasks when operations are less hectic can reduce errors and improve the financial data that business owners and stakeholders rely on for decision-making. We can help Selecting a fiscal year end involves more than choosing a convenient date. The right year end can streamline reporting, provide more meaningful insights and support better planning. If you’re thinking about a change, contact us. We’ll help you determine the best fit for your operations and guide you through the IRS approval process. © 2026

A new but temporary special depreciation allowance for qualified production property (QPP) was created by last year’s One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA). It’s available for certain manufacturing-related real property placed in service after July 4, 2025, and before January 1, 2031. Under previous law, taxpayers had to depreciate such property over a 39-year period. The OBBBA allows them to elect a deduction equal to 100% of the property’s adjusted basis in the tax year it’s placed in service — basically, it’s bonus depreciation for certain buildings and production facilities. The IRS recently issued interim guidance (Notice 2026-16) that taxpayers generally can rely on until proposed regulations are published. It clarifies several important issues related to the deduction. Identifying QPP The guidance defines QPP as any portion of nonresidential real property that is: Subject to the Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System, Used by the taxpayer as “an integral part” of a qualified production activity (QPA, defined below), and Placed in service in the United States or any of its territories. In addition, the property’s construction must begin after January 19, 2025, and before January 1, 2029. Its original use generally must begin with the taxpayer, though certain used property may qualify as QPP under special rules. Property (or a portion of property) is used as an integral part of a QPA if the QPA takes place in the physical space of the property (or a portion of the physical space). Each unit of property (including additions and improvements) must satisfy the integral part requirement on its own, with an exception for “integrated facilities.” Taxpayers can treat multiple properties that operate as an integrated facility on the same piece or contiguous pieces of land as a single unit of property. For example, if a manufacturer constructs a new building to store raw materials and other manufacturing inputs for activities in two factories on the same site, the three buildings constitute a single unit of property for purposes of the integral part requirement. The guidance also includes a de minimis rule: If 95% or more of a property’s physical space satisfies the integral part requirement when the property is placed in service, the taxpayer can elect to treat the entire property as satisfying the requirement. For purposes of determining whether property meets the integral part requirement, property used by a lessee generally isn’t considered to be used by the lessor taxpayer as part of a QPA. The guidance provides exceptions, though, for intercompany leases within consolidated groups and commonly controlled pass-through entities. The guidance specifies several types of ineligible property, including property used for offices, administrative services, lodging, parking, sales activities, research activities, software development or engineering activities, or other functions unrelated to a QPA. Property used to store finished products is also ineligible. Under the guidance, taxpayers may use any reasonable method to allocate a property’s unadjusted depreciable basis between eligible property and ineligible property. The use of square footage, cost segregation data, architectural or engineering plans, process diagrams, or construction invoices to allocate unadjusted depreciable basis to eligible property may be reasonable methods. Taxpayers can also use any reasonable method to allocate the basis for “dual-use infrastructure” that serves both eligible property and ineligible property (such as an HVAC or sprinkler system). Identifying QPAs A QPA is the manufacturing, production or refining of a qualified product that results in a “substantial transformation” of the qualified product (generally, any tangible personal property except a food or beverage prepared in the same building where it will be sold). The guidance explains that “substantial transformation” refers to the further manufacturing, production or refining of the constituent elements, raw materials, inputs or subcomponents into a final, complete and distinct item of property that’s fundamentally different from those original elements, materials, inputs or subcomponents. The guidance interprets the term QPA somewhat broadly. It says that a QPA can include “essential activities” that are critical to the completion of the product (for example, the receiving and storage of raw materials or other inputs to be used or consumed during a QPA). A QPA also includes certain related activities, such as oversight and direction of the manufacturing, production or refining activities that result in the substantial transformation of a qualified product. The guidance includes specific definitions for “manufacturing,” “production,” “refining” and other important terms. Notably, “production” is limited to activities in the agricultural or chemical industries. And that’s not all The interim guidance also includes special rules, election procedures and a safe harbor for property placed in service in 2025 — as well as information about how depreciation must be recaptured and included in ordinary income if a QPP change in use occurs within 10 years after the property is placed in service. We can help you navigate the rules and maximize this new tax break if you’re eligible. © 2026 

When most people think about estate planning, they focus primarily on tangible assets, such as real estate, investments and personal property. However, in some cases, intellectual property (IP) can make up a substantial portion of an individual’s wealth. Proper planning can help ensure that these assets are preserved, accurately valued and transferred according to your wishes. Defining IP IP generally falls into four main categories: patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets. We’ll focus here only on patents and copyrights. They’re protected by federal law to promote scientific and creative endeavors by providing inventors and artists exclusive rights to benefit economically from their work for a certain period. Patents protect inventions, and the two most common are utility and design patents. Under federal law, utility patents protect an invention for 20 years from the patent application filing date. (It typically takes at least a year to a year and a half from the date of filing to the date of issue.) Design patents last 15 years from the patent issue date. Copyrights protect the original expression of ideas that are fixed in a “tangible medium of expression,” typically in the form of written works, music, paintings, film and photographs. Unlike patents, which must be approved by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, copyright protection kicks in as soon as a work is fixed in a tangible medium. And copyrights last much longer than patents. The specific term depends on various factors. Valuing and transferring IP Valuing IP is a complex process. Unlike physical assets, the value of IP often depends on future income potential. Valuation may consider factors such as licensing agreements, royalty streams, market demand, brand recognition and comparable sales. Often, a professional appraiser is needed to determine fair market value. Accurate valuation is particularly important for estate tax reporting and equitable distribution among heirs. After you know the IP’s value, it’s time to decide whether to transfer the IP to family members, colleagues, charities or others through lifetime gifts or bequests after your death. The gift and estate tax consequences will likely affect your decision. But you also should consider your income needs, as well as who’s in the best position to monitor your IP rights and take advantage of their benefits. If you’ll continue to depend on the IP for your livelihood, hold on to it at least until you’re ready to retire or you no longer need the income. You also might want to retain ownership of the IP if you feel that your children or other beneficiaries lack the desire or wherewithal to take advantage of its economic potential and monitor and protect it against infringers. Whichever strategy you choose, it’s important to plan the transaction carefully to ensure your objectives are achieved. There’s a common misconception that when you transfer ownership of the tangible medium on which IP is recorded, you also transfer the IP rights. But IP rights are separate from the work itself and are retained by the creator. Working with us If you hold intangible assets, such as a patent or copyright, contact us. We can help ensure that these potentially valuable assets are properly accounted for in your estate plan. © 2026 

Does your business own its real estate in a separate holding company, such as a limited liability company (LLC) or limited partnership? This practice can provide several advantages, including shielding property from your company’s creditors. It can also ease estate planning if, for example, you want to transfer business interests to your children while retaining ownership of the real estate. In addition, there are good tax reasons to separate the two. Let’s take a look. Asset protection and estate planning advantages Owning real estate in a separate legal entity can wall off an operating business from its real estate’s potential liabilities (and vice versa). A creditor who targets your business generally can’t reach real estate held in a separate entity. And if, for example, someone slips and falls in your office, factory or warehouse and sues, holding the property in a separate entity may help protect your operating business’s other assets. Such protection extends to bankruptcy. If your business is forced to file for bankruptcy, creditors typically can’t recover separately owned real estate. However, there’s at least one exception. Real estate you’ve pledged as collateral for a business loan may still be subject to claims by lenders. Owners of real estate in LLCs or limited partnerships also enjoy estate planning and succession flexibility. Let’s say you have two grown children, but only one is actively involved in the business. You can equitably divide assets by transferring the business to the actively involved child and the real estate to the other. Also, gradually gifting interests in a separate entity holding real estate can reduce the value of your taxable estate. Tax matters C corporations that hold real estate can risk unnecessary taxes. Real estate expenses are treated as ordinary expenses on the company’s income statement. If the property is sold, any profit is subject to double taxation: first at the corporate level and then at the owner’s individual level when proceeds are distributed. If you instead own real estate in a pass-through entity, and then lease it to your company, the profit upon sale would be taxed only once — at the individual owner level. Also, your operating business might be able to deduct lease payments so long as the rent is reasonable. To simplify matters, some business owners buy business real estate themselves. However, this can transfer the property’s liabilities directly to owners and put other personal assets — including the business interests — at risk. So it’s generally best to hold real estate in its own limited liability entity. Just make sure your entity carries adequate insurance coverage. Possible downsides Aside from the costs, there are possible downsides to owning real estate separately. For instance, you’ll need to manage separate finances, tax filings and legal structures. But for most small to midsize businesses, the advantages outweigh any disadvantages. Contact us to discuss this strategy and determine what’s right for your situation. © 2026 

Last year’s One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) terminated several clean energy tax incentives earlier than previously scheduled. But if you bought an electric vehicle or made certain green home improvements last year, you might be eligible for a tax credit on your 2025 individual income tax return. Remember, tax credits reduce your tax liability dollar-for-dollar (unlike deductions, which reduce the amount of income subject to tax). So tax credits are especially valuable. Did you buy an electric vehicle? If you bought an eligible clean vehicle by September 30, 2025, you may be able to claim one of these tax credits on your 2025 return: New clean vehicle credit. Buyers of new electric and fuel cell vehicles may be able to claim a credit up to $7,500, depending on how the battery components and critical minerals were sourced. Vehicles that meet only one of the sourcing criteria may be eligible for a $3,750 credit. This credit was originally set to expire after 2032. But, under the OBBBA, it expired on September 30, 2025. The maximum manufacturer’s suggested retail price for a vehicle to be eligible for the credit is $55,000 for cars and $80,000 for SUVs, trucks and vans. The vehicle also must have undergone final assembly in North America. In addition, the credit isn’t allowed for vehicles with any battery components from a “foreign entity of concern.” For you to qualify, your 2025 adjusted gross income (AGI) must not exceed $150,000 ($300,000 if you’re married filing jointly and $225,000 if you’re filing as a head of household). Used clean vehicle credit . Buyers of used electric or fuel cell vehicles may be able to claim a credit of up to $4,000 or 30% of the purchase price — whichever is lower — if they bought the vehicle from a dealer. Like the new clean vehicle credit, this credit had been set to expire after 2032 but, under the OBBBA, it expired on September 30, 2025. The maximum purchase price for a vehicle to be eligible for the credit is $25,000. For you to qualify, your 2025 AGI must not exceed $75,000 ($150,000 if you’re a joint filer and $112,500 if you’re a head-of-household filer). Did you make green home improvements? If you made certain home upgrades in 2025, you may be eligible for one of these tax credits on your 2025 return: Energy-efficient home improvement credit. This nonrefundable credit equals up to 30% of qualified expenses to make your home more energy efficient. The maximum credit you can claim for 2025 generally is $1,200. There are no AGI-based limits, but there are credit caps that vary by item. Some examples of 2025 credit limits are $150 for energy audits, $250 per exterior door ($500 total), $600 for windows and $2,000 for heat pumps (superseding the usual $1,200 limit). Before the OBBBA, this credit was scheduled to end after 2032. Residential clean energy credit. This nonrefundable credit equals 30% of the cost of eligible renewable energy systems such as solar, wind and geothermal installations. There generally are no caps or AGI-based limits. Before the OBBBA, this credit was set to end after 2034. Are you eligible for a tax credit? One more clean energy credit you might be able to claim on your 2025 return is the alternative fuel vehicle refueling property credit. You may be eligible if last year you installed equipment at your home to recharge electric vehicles. The credit equals 30% of the installation cost, up to $1,000 per charging port. If you didn’t install a charging port in 2025, it’s not too late. If you install one by June 30, 2026, you potentially can claim the credit on your 2026 return next year. (Before the OBBBA, this credit was also scheduled to expire after 2032.) If you purchased a clean vehicle or made green home improvements and aren’t sure whether you’re eligible for one or more of these credits, contact us. © 2026