Proper planning can ease the pain of the probate process
June 25, 2026
When a loved one passes away, settling his or her financial affairs can be an emotional and complex task. One legal process that often comes into play is probate. Understanding how probate works — and implementing strategies to minimize or avoid it — can help you protect your assets and simplify matters for your family after your death.
Downsides (and upsides) of probate
Probate is a legal procedure in which a court establishes the validity of your will, determines the value of your estate, resolves creditors’ claims, provides for the payment of taxes and other debts, and transfers assets to your heirs. Depending on applicable state laws, the probate process can be expensive and time consuming. Not only can probate reduce the value of your estate due to executor and attorney fees, but it can also force your family to wait through weeks or months of court hearings. In addition, probate is a public process, so you can forget about keeping your financial affairs private.
However, there are instances where the probate process can work in your favor. Under certain circumstances, for example, you might feel more comfortable having a court resolve issues involving your heirs and creditors. Another possible advantage is that probate places strict time limits on creditor claims and settles claims quickly.
Simple strategies to avoid probate
The simplest ways to avoid probate involve designating beneficiaries or titling assets so they can be transferred directly to beneficiaries outside of your will. So, for example, have appropriate, valid beneficiary designations for assets such as life insurance policies, annuities, IRAs and other retirement plans.
For assets such as bank and brokerage accounts, consider the availability of pay on death (POD) or transfer on death (TOD) designations, which allow these assets to avoid probate and pass directly to your designated beneficiaries. Keep in mind that while the POD or TOD designation is permitted in most states, not all financial institutions offer this option.
Strategies for homes and other real estate
Some people avoid probate on their homes or other real estate (as well as bank and brokerage accounts and other assets) by holding title with a spouse or child as “joint tenants with rights of survivorship” or as “tenants by the entirety.” But joint ownership has several significant drawbacks.
First, unlike with beneficiary designations, once you retitle property you can’t change your mind. Second, holding title jointly gives your spouse or child some control over the asset and exposes it to his or her creditors. Finally, adding someone to the title may be considered a taxable gift of half the asset’s value.
A handful of states permit TOD deeds, which allow you to designate a beneficiary who’ll succeed to ownership of your real estate after you die. TOD deeds allow you to avoid probate without making an irrevocable gift or exposing the property to your beneficiary’s creditors.
Strategies using trusts
For larger, more complicated estates, a living trust (sometimes called a revocable trust) is generally the most effective tool for avoiding probate. It involves setup costs but allows you to manage the disposition of your wealth in a single document while retaining control and reserving the right to modify the trust’s terms. Assets in the trust will be distributed to your heirs according to the trust’s provisions, without having to go through probate.
Other types of trusts can be beneficial for specific situations. For example, placing life insurance policies in an irrevocable life insurance trust (ILIT) can provide significant tax benefits.
Making it easy for your family
Avoiding probate isn’t appropriate for every situation, but thoughtful estate planning can reduce costs, delays and administrative burdens for your surviving family members. We can help you develop strategies to minimize probate costs, reduce taxes and achieve your other estate planning goals. Contact us today.
© 2026
Every business will eventually face leadership transitions. Whether key people retire, pursue new opportunities or become unable to do their job, your business must maintain continuity. Often, smooth transitions depend on “bench strength.” This refers to the depth of employees prepared to step into critical roles. Developing this internal talent pool is one of the most effective ways to support your succession plan and protect your organization’s stability and well-being. Why it matters Succession plans are only as strong as the individuals available to carry them out. Many organizations identify successors for specific positions. But what if a designated successor leaves your business or is unable to assume the role when needed? Bench strength enhances flexibility by preparing multiple employees to step into critical roles as circumstances change. Cultivating your bench can reduce the risk of operational disruptions and help preserve institutional knowledge. Instead of launching a time-consuming external search if a vacancy arises, your business can promote qualified employees who already understand your culture, customers and strategic priorities. Internal promotions often accelerate leadership transitions while reassuring employees that advancement opportunities exist within your organization. Deeper talent pool To build bench strength, start by identifying promising employees and assessing potential leadership gaps. Regular performance reviews can help you evaluate employees’ skills, career aspirations and readiness for future roles. At the same time, examine upcoming organizational needs and determine which positions are essential for your business’s long-term success. Leadership training, mentoring programs, cross-functional projects and job rotations can help employees gain experience beyond their current responsibilities. For example, a high-performing sales manager might be asked to lead a companywide initiative. A finance leader might participate in strategic planning discussions. These experiences broaden skills and prepare staffers for leadership responsibilities. Connecting the two Bench strength and succession planning are closely related, but they generally serve different purposes. Succession planning focuses on identifying and preparing specific individuals for key leadership positions. Bench strength, by contrast, emphasizes maintaining a broader pool of employees who can fill roles as business needs evolve. The most resilient organizations integrate both activities. Your succession plan should ensure your business has qualified successors for critical leadership positions. Strong bench strength, meanwhile, provides the flexibility to respond to unexpected departures, organizational growth and changing market conditions. Together, these strategies help reduce talent gaps and support long-term business continuity. Move forward confidently Leadership transitions are inevitable, but disruption doesn’t have to be. Organizations that consistently develop internal talent are better positioned to manage change and maintain stability. When leadership transitions become necessary, a strong bench allows your business to move forward confidently, knowing capable successors are ready to step in and lead. For help building your bench and planning for succession, contact us. © 2026
Home values have risen significantly in many areas of the country over the last several years, leaving some homeowners with substantial gains when they sell. Of course a large profit is generally a good thing. But, depending on the amount of your gain, how long you’ve owned and resided in the home, and your income level, a sale may trigger capital gains tax and, in some cases, the net investment income tax (NIIT). Save tax with the gain exclusion If you’re selling your principal residence and meet certain requirements, you can exclude from tax up to $250,000 of gain ($500,000 for married couples filing jointly). To qualify for the exclusion, you must: Have owned the property for at least two years during the five-year period ending on the sale date. Have used the property as a principal residence for at least two years during the five-year period. (Periods of ownership and use don’t need to overlap.) In addition, you can’t use the exclusion more than once every two years. Be aware of ineligible gain What if you have more profit than your gain exclusion? Any gain in excess of the exclusion generally will be taxed at your long-term capital gains rate (typically 15% or 20%), as long as you owned the home for more than one year. If you didn’t, the gain will be considered short-term and subject to your marginal ordinary-income rate (usually 22% to 37%). If you’re selling a second home (such as a vacation home), it isn’t eligible for the gain exclusion and the entire gain generally will be subject to capital gains tax. But if the home qualifies as a rental property, it can be considered a business asset. In that case, you may be able to defer tax through an installment sale or a Section 1031 like-kind exchange. Watch out for the NIIT When does the NIIT apply to a home sale? If you sell your principal residence and qualify for the gain exclusion, the excluded gain isn’t subject to the 3.8% NIIT. However, gain that exceeds the exclusion is subject to the NIIT if your modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) is over a certain amount. Gain from the sale of a vacation home or other second residence, which doesn’t qualify for the exclusion, may also be subject to the NIIT. The NIIT applies only if your MAGI exceeds $200,000 ($250,000 for joint filers or $125,000 for married taxpayers filing separately). If your MAGI is above the applicable threshold, additional factors will affect your NIIT liability. Be aware that the NIIT kicks in before the top long-term and ordinary-income rates apply. Keep track of your basis Gain on your home is calculated by subtracting your tax basis in the home from the sale price. Your basis generally includes what you paid for the home plus major improvements you made to it. To support an accurate basis, be sure to maintain complete records, including information about your original cost and subsequent improvements (such as a kitchen remodel or a new roof). But basis-increasing improvements don’t include maintenance and repairs (such as painting your kitchen or fixing a leak in your roof). Also, you must reduce your basis by any casualty losses or depreciation claimed for business use (such as if a portion of your home was rented out or you claimed the home office deduction). If your basis is more than what you sell your home for, your loss generally won’t be deductible. But if a portion of your home was rented out or used exclusively for business, the loss attributable to that part may be deductible. Plan for the tax impact A home sale can be tax-free or create a sizable tax liability — or result in a tax bill between those extremes. If you’re thinking about selling your home, it’s important to know the potential tax impact. Contact us before putting your home on the market so we can help you estimate the tax impact and discuss possible planning opportunities. © 2026
Do you operate a side gig in addition to your regular day job? Whether you’ve turned a love for crafting into an online store or you play the guitar at a local venue, you’ll need to report the income from your sideline activity on your tax return. But can you deduct the related expenses? The answer depends on whether the IRS classifies your activity as a business or a hobby. Let’s take a closer look. Why the distinction matters If your activity incurs significant expenses — or even losses in some years — how the IRS classifies it can have a major impact on your taxes. For-profit businesses can deduct “ordinary and necessary” business expenses. So, if you operate an unincorporated for-profit business activity that generates a net tax loss for the year (deductible expenses in excess of revenue), you can use the loss to offset income from other sources, such as salary and self-employment income, subject to annual limits. In 2026, the limit is $256,000 ($512,000 for married couples filing jointly). You can carry any excess losses forward to later tax years. Conversely, hobbies receive less favorable treatment. Before 2018, hobby expenses could be claimed as miscellaneous itemized deductions subject to the 2% of adjusted gross income floor. Recent tax law changes permanently repealed itemized deductions for miscellaneous business expenses. So you generally can’t deduct hobby-related expenses for federal income tax purposes — even though you’re still required to report 100% of hobby-related income. Potential safe harbors for profitable ventures If you can show a profit motive for your sideline activity, the IRS will classify it as a for-profit business, and you can generally write off related expenses as the cost of doing business. Two safe harbors create a presumption that an activity is engaged in for profit: Your activity produces positive taxable income (revenues in excess of deductions) for at least three out of every five years. You’re engaged in a horse racing, breeding, training or showing activity, and your activity produces positive taxable income in at least two out of every seven years. Proactive tax planning can help you qualify for these safe harbors — and earn the right to deduct your losses in unprofitable years. Factors that demonstrate a profit motive If you aren’t eligible for one of the safe harbors but can demonstrate an honest intent to make a profit, you may still be able to treat your side gig as a for-profit business. After all, many start-ups take years to become profitable. Questions the IRS considers when determining whether your activity is a business or a hobby include: Do you carry on the activity in a business-like manner? Does the time and effort put into the activity indicate an intention to make a profit? Do you depend on income from the activity? If there are losses, did they occur due to circumstances beyond your control or in the start-up phase of the business? Have you changed methods of operation to improve profitability? Do you (or your advisors) have the knowledge needed to carry on the activity as a successful business? Have you made a profit in similar activities in the past? Does the activity make a profit in some years? Do you expect to make a profit in the future from the appreciation of assets used in the activity? The degree of personal pleasure you derive from the activity is also a factor. For example, most people would say that woodworking is more fun than working in a high-stress executive position — so the IRS is far more likely to classify the former is a hobby if you start claiming recurring losses on your tax returns. Year-by-year determination The IRS tests each year separately when determining whether an activity is a for-profit business or a hobby. So what once was considered a hobby can become a business — and vice versa. However, you generally bear the burden of proving your profit motive each year. For example, you might be able to persuade the IRS that you’ve established a profit motive by keeping more detailed records, advertising and devoting more time to your side gig. It also helps to report profits for a few years, rather than just recurring losses. In fact, a pattern of losses over multiple years can sometimes trigger IRS scrutiny of whether an existing business is operating with a profit motive. Start planning now If you have a side business that isn’t yet profitable, we can evaluate your situation and offer suggestions to help improve your odds of business tax treatment. But don’t wait until year end — many factors the IRS considers when evaluating your profit motive require proactive planning throughout the year. We can help strengthen your position in case the IRS questions your deductions. Contact us to learn more. © 2026
Estate planning is intended to help ensure that your assets are distributed according to your wishes. But circumstances can change in ways that are difficult to predict. A qualified disclaimer allows disclaimed assets to pass from a primary beneficiary to a contingent beneficiary without negative tax consequences. This flexibility can be beneficial in a variety of situations. Planning for disclaimers A disclaimer is an irrevocable, unqualified refusal by a beneficiary to accept a bequest, allowing the property to pass to another beneficiary. Normally, using a disclaimer to direct property to someone else would be considered a taxable gift. But there’s an exception for “qualified” disclaimers. To qualify, a disclaimer must: Be in writing, Be delivered to the estate’s representative within nine months after the transfer is made (or, if the disclaimant is a minor, within nine months after the disclaimant turns 21), Be delivered before the disclaimant accepts the property or any of its benefits, and Cause the property to pass to the deceased’s surviving spouse or to someone other than the disclaimant, without any direction from the disclaimant. This last point is critical and requires some planning on your part. To ensure that the disclaimant doesn’t direct the property’s disposition, the property must pass automatically to a contingent beneficiary according to the terms of your will or trust. Disclaimers in action Here are a couple of examples of situations when qualified disclaimers can provide estate planning flexibility: Scenario 1. Suppose your will leaves a significant inheritance to your daughter, naming a trust for her children’s (your grandchildren’s) benefit as the contingent beneficiary. By the time you die, your daughter has built a substantial estate of her own. If she accepts the inheritance, it will ultimately be taxed as part of her estate. Your daughter can disclaim the inheritance and allow it to pass directly to the trust for her children’s benefit, avoiding double taxation. Before making a disclaimer, however, she should check that it won’t trigger the generation-skipping transfer tax. Scenario 2. Suppose your son is the primary beneficiary of your traditional IRA and your favorite charity is the contingent beneficiary. Your son will have to pay income tax on the distributions, and the account will have to be depleted within 10 years. The distributions could even push him into a higher income tax bracket. And, if your estate’s value exceeds the exemption amount, some or all of the IRA also may be subject to estate tax. If your son is financially secure at the time of your death, he might want to disclaim the IRA and allow it to pass directly to the charity. By doing so, he eliminates his income tax liability while creating a charitable deduction that reduces the size of your taxable estate. Turn to us for help Qualified disclaimers can provide estate planning flexibility after death, helping families adapt to changing tax laws, financial needs and other personal circumstances. But disclaimers generally will be effective only if you’ve named appropriate contingent beneficiaries. If you’re reviewing your estate plan or considering ways to provide greater flexibility for your heirs, contact us. We can help you determine whether qualified disclaimers should be factored into your overall estate planning strategy. © 2026
Even with a relatively low unemployment rate (averaging around 4.4% over the past year), layoffs and terminations continue to affect workers across many industries. If you’ve recently lost your job, you’re likely focused on replacing income and evaluating your next steps. But some tax implications related to a job loss also may require attention. Here are a few important areas to consider. Unemployment, severance and other income Many people are surprised to find out that federal unemployment compensation is taxable. (Some states do exempt it from state tax.) Although severance pay is also taxable and subject to federal income tax withholding, some elements of a severance package may get special tax treatment. For example: Incentive stock options (ISOs). If you sell stock acquired by way of an ISO from your former employer, part or all of your gain may be taxed at lower long-term capital gain rates rather than at ordinary income tax rates — depending on whether you meet the required holding-period rules. “Golden parachute” payments. If you received (or will receive) such a payment, you may be subject to an excise tax equal to 20% of the portion of the payment that, under complex rules, is treated as an “excess parachute payment.” This is on top of ordinary income tax. Job placement assistance. The value of such assistance you receive from your former employer usually is tax-free. However, the assistance is taxable if you had a choice between receiving outplacement help or cash. Finally, be aware that payments from your former employer for accumulated unused paid time off, such as vacation time or sick time, are taxable. Health coverage If your former employer pays for some of your medical coverage for a period of time after termination, you won’t be taxed on the value of the benefit. Under the COBRA rules, employers that offer group health coverage generally must provide continuation coverage to most terminated employees and their families. The cost of COBRA coverage can be high because you typically will have to pay the portion your employer had been paying in addition to what you’d been paying as an employee. So you may want to look for your own coverage through the Health Insurance Marketplace at healthcare.gov to see if you can purchase less expensive coverage there. Medical insurance premiums not paid pretax from a paycheck are potentially tax deductible. But you must itemize deductions, and you can deduct eligible medical expenses only to the extent that they exceed 7.5% of your adjusted gross income. If your COBRA coverage is for a high-deductible health plan or you purchase bronze-level coverage on the Marketplace, you can make tax-deductible contributions to a Health Savings Account — and you don’t have to itemize to claim the deduction. HSA withdrawals used for qualified medical expenses are tax-free. Retirement savings Do you have a retirement plan with your former employer, such as a 401(k) plan? You may be able to leave the account there. But consider the investment options it offers and the fees that will apply. If you get a new job, you may want to roll over the funds to your new employer’s 401(k) plan. That will leave you with fewer retirement accounts to keep track of. But again, consider the investment options and fees of the new plan. In many cases, a direct, tax-free rollover from your old 401(k) to an IRA is the best move. You’ll generally have a much wider variety of investment options and more control over fees because you choose the brokerage firm, bank or other IRA custodian. If you’re doing a rollover, request a direct rollover from your old plan to your new plan or IRA. Otherwise, you’ll need to make an indirect rollover within 60 days to avoid tax and potential penalties. If you make withdrawals from your former company’s plan or IRA to supplement missing income, you’ll generally owe income tax on them. And, if you’re under age 59½, you’ll owe an additional 10% penalty unless you qualify for an exception. (If you have a Roth IRA, you can withdraw up to your contribution amount without incurring taxes or penalties.) If a distribution from your former employer’s retirement plan includes employer securities in a lump sum, the distribution is taxed under the lump-sum rules — except that net unrealized appreciation in the value of the stock isn’t taxed until the securities are sold or otherwise disposed of later. Further, any loan you’ve taken out from your former employer’s retirement plan, such as a 401(k)-plan loan, may be required to be repaid within a specified period or even immediately. If it isn’t repaid, it may be treated as if the loan is in default. If the balance of the loan isn’t repaid within the required period, it will typically be treated as a taxable distribution. Guidance available A job loss can create tax consequences that aren’t always obvious. Reviewing your options before making decisions about severance, health coverage or retirement accounts may help you avoid unnecessary taxes and penalties. If you’d like guidance, contact us. © 2026
If you’re a real estate developer or a small business owner who owns commercial real estate, you might be thinking about selling a property. If it has appreciated significantly, a Section 1031 like-kind exchange may allow you to defer tax on some or all of the gain. With this transaction, you exchange one property for another qualifying property rather than sell the property outright. You generally don’t pay tax on the gain on the relinquished property until you sell the replacement property. You may be familiar with the basics of a Sec. 1031 exchange, but you might not understand all the rules and restrictions. Here are four common myths to be aware of so you can avoid missing planning opportunities or facing unexpected taxes. Myth 1: The replacement property must be identical to the property you give up The definition of like-kind property is surprisingly broad. To qualify for Sec. 1031 exchange treatment, you may exchange any real property held for investment or productive use in your trade or business (relinquished property) for like-kind investment, trade or business real property (replacement property). For these purposes, most real property is considered like-kind with other real property. However, neither the relinquished property nor the replacement property can be real property held primarily for sale. Myth 2: You never have to pay current-year tax in a like-kind exchange A properly structured Sec. 1031 exchange can defer gain. But that doesn’t mean every exchange is completely tax-free. If it’s a straight property-for-property exchange, you generally won’t have to recognize any gain from the exchange. You’ll take the same basis (your cost for tax purposes) in the replacement property that you had in the relinquished property. Even if you don’t have to recognize any gain on the exchange, you must report it on Form 8824, “Like-Kind Exchanges.” However, the properties aren’t always equal in value. In these situations, some cash may be added to the deal. This cash is known as “boot.” If you receive boot, you’ll have to recognize gain up to the amount of boot received. For example, let’s say you exchange a building with a basis of $100,000 for a building valued at $125,000, plus $10,000 in cash. Your realized gain on the exchange is $35,000 because you received $135,000 in value for an asset with a basis of $100,000. However, because it’s a Sec. 1031 exchange, you have to currently recognize (and pay tax on) only $10,000 of your gain — the amount of cash (boot) you received. It’s also important to remember that no matter how much boot you receive, you’ll never recognize more than your actual realized gain on the exchange. In addition, your basis in the like-kind replacement property you receive equals the basis you had in the relinquished property reduced by the amount of boot you received but increased by the amount of any gain recognized. Myth 3: Cash is the only type of boot Boot can take forms other than cash. If the property you’re exchanging is subject to debt from which you’re being relieved, the amount of the debt is generally treated as boot. The reason is that if someone takes over your debt, it’s equivalent to that person giving you cash. Of course, if the replacement property is also subject to debt, then you’re treated as receiving boot only to the extent of your net debt relief — the amount by which the debt you become free of exceeds the debt you pick up. Myth 4: You must have the replacement property lined up immediately It’s possible — but rare — to find someone who wants to simultaneously swap like-kind properties with you. Fortunately, you don’t have to acquire the replacement property from the same party you relinquish your property to. And you don’t have to acquire the replacement property on the same day you transfer the relinquished property. In most Sec. 1031 exchanges, the relinquished property is sold first, and the taxpayer uses the exchange proceeds to acquire a replacement property. However, a qualified intermediary must hold the proceeds from the relinquished property until they’re transferred to acquire the replacement property. And deadlines apply: Generally, you must 1) identify a potential replacement property within 45 days after transferring the relinquished property, and 2) complete the acquisition of the replacement property within 180 days. These deadlines are strictly enforced. Missing either one can cause the entire transaction to lose tax-deferred treatment. While you don’t need to have the replacement property lined up immediately, you do need a plan. Begin evaluating replacement property options as early as possible and work closely with your professional advisors throughout the process. Don’t let misconceptions derail your Sec. 1031 exchange Like-kind exchanges can be a tax-savvy way to dispose of investment or business real property — and retain working capital for your business or investment activities. But you’ll need to meet all the requirements. If you’re considering selling investment or business real estate, contact us to discuss this strategy further. © 2026
Your estate plan should be flexible enough to adapt to changing laws, family circumstances and financial situations. If it includes an irrevocable trust, there’s a risk that the trustee will be unwilling (or unable) to make appropriate moves in response to changes. A trust protector can provide the needed flexibility and mitigate other risks that could derail your wishes. What powers can you bestow? A trust protector is to a trustee what a corporate board of directors is to a CEO. A trustee manages the trust on a day-to-day basis. The protector oversees the trustee and weighs in on critical decisions, such as the sale of closely held business interests or investment transactions involving large dollar amounts. There’s virtually no limit to the powers you can confer on a trust protector. For example, you can enable a trust protector to: Replace a trustee, Appoint a successor trustee or successor trust protector, Approve or veto investment or beneficiary distribution decisions, and Resolve disputes between trustees and beneficiaries. More specifically, a protector with the power to remove and replace the trustee can do so if the trustee develops a conflict of interest or fails to manage the trust assets in the beneficiaries’ best interests. A protector with the power to modify the trust’s terms can correct mistakes in the trust document or clarify ambiguous language. Or a protector with the power to change how trust assets are distributed, if necessary to achieve your original objectives, can help ensure your loved ones are provided for as you would have desired. A word of warning: Although it may be tempting to provide a protector with a broad range of powers, this can hamper the trustee’s ability to manage the trust efficiently. Keep in mind that the idea is to protect the integrity of the trust, not to appoint a co-trustee. What are the qualifications? Choosing the right trust protector is critical. Given the power he or she has over your family’s wealth, you’ll want to choose someone whom you trust and who’s qualified to make investment and other financial decisions. Many people appoint a trusted advisor — such as an accountant, attorney or investment advisor — who may not be able or willing to serve as trustee, but who can provide an extra layer of protection by monitoring the trustee’s performance. Appointing a family member as protector is also possible, but it can be risky. If the protector is a beneficiary or has the power to direct the trust assets to him- or herself (or for his or her benefit), this power could be treated as a general power of appointment, potentially triggering negative tax consequences. The right decision for your family Bear in mind that a trust protector isn’t essential. In most circumstances, well-established irrevocable trusts function according to their original owners’ intentions without a protector’s intervention. But if you decide to mitigate any lingering risk by naming a protector, work with experienced legal and estate planning advisors to draw up the paperwork that specifies your protector’s powers. Contact us for additional details. © 2026
Strategic planning isn’t meant to be a one-time exercise. Your plan should evolve with your business — and the environment in which it operates. Regular reviews help ensure your business remains focused on the right priorities and positioned to take advantage of new opportunities. Even if you can’t find time for extensive “big picture” thinking, try to conduct some form of active strategic planning at least once a year. Doing so will help you identify emerging challenges and evaluate progress toward short- and long-term goals. A fresh strategic plan also provides stakeholders with an up-to-date map they can use to orient decisions and measure outcomes. Get going Sometimes businesses procrastinate on new strategic planning because they’re busy pursuing current goals and are profitable enough not to mess with “the formula.” But more often, businesses delay it because a new strategic plan requires research they may not have time to conduct and fresh ideas that can be hard to generate. If you can’t commit to an annual review, don’t let more than three years pass without productively engaging in strategic planning. If it makes the undertaking easier, you might want to seek professional assistance — for instance, to perform research, lead strategy sessions, model financial outcomes, identify potential risks and assemble strategic ideas into a workable plan. In addition to freeing up your time, professionals offer experience and objectivity. Facilitators can put attendees at ease, foster creative thinking and adhere to productive agendas. Brainstorm without distraction Retreats often facilitate strategic planning sessions. So consider whether an off-site location makes sense given your attendees and project ambitions. There’s potential for excessive spending and counterproductive distractions. But if you plan carefully, you can arrange a distraction-free experience that allows participants to freely brainstorm. Your first session should review your business’s: Mission (what it does), Vision (where it’s going), Current financial results, Recent successes and setbacks, and Future performance based on internal and external trends. Next, come up with 1) several goals, 2) strategies for pursuing them and 3) metrics for measuring your progress. Some of these may be similar to existing objectives, action plans and measurements and may not require a lot of extra work. New ideas, however, should be thoroughly discussed and outlined. To ease the pressure of strategic planning, avoid trying to do everything at once. If you can accomplish the three points mentioned earlier in one session, schedule a follow-up meeting to develop a timeline and assign responsibilities. That plan should be formally approved by your business’s owners before it’s put into action. Helpful voices Your employees can play an important role in helping your new strategic plan succeed. To the extent practical, involve ordinary workers in the strategic goal-setting process. This will help build engagement and instill a sense of personal responsibility for your plan’s success. When you communicate the final plan, be sure it includes realistic ways for workers and others to be involved. We can help ensure your new plan is supported by sound financial analysis. For guidance on evaluating your business’s performance, identifying growth opportunities and facilitating planning sessions, contact us. © 2026
Many parents don’t know that the so-called “kiddie tax” exists. Others assume it affects only minor children. But it also can apply to full-time students through age 23 and 18-year-olds even if they aren’t full-time students. When it applies, most of the child’s unearned income may be taxed at the parent’s higher tax rate. The purpose of the kiddie tax is to minimize the ability of parents to significantly reduce their family’s taxes by transferring income-producing assets to their children in lower tax brackets. If your child has investment income from custodial accounts or other assets, understanding these rules can help you avoid unexpected tax consequences. Who it affects The kiddie tax generally applies to most unearned income of individuals who, at the end of the tax year, are: Under age 18, Age 18 (unless they provide more than half of their own support from earned income), or At least age 19 but under age 24 and full-time students (unless they provide more than half of their own support from earned income). So, for a student, the kiddie tax can be an issue until the year that he or she turns age 24. For that year and future years, even full-time students who are still supported by their parents are kiddie-tax-exempt. How it works Earned income from a job or self-employment is never subject to the kiddie tax. And the tax is assessed on a child’s (or young adult’s) unearned income only to the extent that it exceeds the applicable threshold, which is $2,700 for 2026. Unearned income usually means interest, dividends and capital gains. These types of income often come from custodial accounts that parents and grandparents set up and fund for younger children. For 2026, the first $1,350 of unearned income is taxed at 0%. The second $1,350 is taxed at the child’s (or young adult’s) rate. This might also be 0% for some or all of the second $1,350, depending on 1) how much of the unearned income is made up of long-term capital gains and qualified dividends, and 2) whether the child’s (or young adult’s) taxable income is low enough for him or her to qualify for the 0% rate. Then the excess is taxed at the parent’s rate. This could be up to 20% on long-term capital gains and qualified dividends and as much as 37% on interest, short-term capital gains and nonqualified dividends — depending on the parent’s taxable income. When it applies For 2026, Form 8615, “Tax for Certain Children Who Have Unearned Income,” must be filed and kiddie tax paid for any child (or young adult) who: Has more than $2,700 of unearned income, Is required to file Form 1040, As of December 31, 2026, is under age 18, is age 18 and didn’t have earned income in excess of half of his or her support, or is age 19, 20, 21, 22 or 23 and a full-time student and didn’t have earned income in excess of half of his or her support, Has at least one living parent, and Isn’t married and filing a joint return for the year. The kiddie tax threshold is annually adjusted for inflation, but generally only in increments of at least $100. So it doesn’t necessarily go up every year. It didn’t increase for 2026, so it may be more likely to increase for 2027. Planning opportunities The kiddie tax can increase a family’s overall tax liability if investment income is generated in a child’s name. In some situations, it may make sense to review the types of investments owned in custodial accounts and the timing of investment sales. For example, growth-oriented investments that generate little current income may help reduce exposure to the kiddie tax until your child is old enough that this tax no longer applies. At that time, appreciated investments can begin to be sold, with the gains taxed at your child’s own, potentially lower, rate. If you’d like help evaluating your family’s situation, contact us. We can assess potential kiddie tax exposure and suggest tax-efficient investment strategies. © 2026
If you’re self-employed, you probably have questions about deducting business expenses on your federal income tax return. Here’s a quick overview of the filing requirements for sole proprietors and independent contractors, and five examples of expense deductions that are commonly overlooked or misunderstood. Filing basics Sole proprietors and independent contractors must report their business activity on Schedule C, “Profit or Loss From Business,” of their personal tax returns (Form 1040). Business income includes money earned from customers, side gigs, online sales and other self-employment activities. Income may be reported on Forms 1099-NEC or 1099-K, but you must report all taxable business income, even if you don’t receive a tax form. Although employees can no longer deduct unreimbursed business expenses, self-employed individuals can offset their business income with various deductions for business-related expenses. This is a major tax advantage for the self-employed. When evaluating whether costs are deductible, follow this golden rule: Business expenses must be ordinary (common in your industry) and necessary (helpful and appropriate for the business). Of course, you’ll need to keep detailed records to support your business deductions. Obvious examples of potentially deductible expenses are supplies, materials, and, if you have employees, payroll and benefits. Other business-related expenses may also be deductible on Schedule C, though the rules are sometimes confusing. Below are five common examples. 1. Home office Unlike employees who work remotely, you can deduct the costs for a workspace in your home that’s used regularly and exclusively as your principal place of business. This can include a portion of actual indirect home expenses — such as rent or mortgage interest, insurance, utilities and repairs — based on your business-use percentage. For instance, if you use 10% of your apartment’s square footage for business, you can deduct 10% of your rent. You can also fully deduct direct expenses (for example, the cost of painting your office) and, if you own your home, claim a depreciation allowance under IRS tables. In lieu of tracking your actual expenses, the IRS also offers a simplified method of $5 per square foot for up to 300 square feet. 2. Education The costs of refresher courses, continuing education classes, vocational training and other education programs may be deductible if you’re required to take them to maintain or improve skills required for your current trade or business. Qualifying expenses include tuition, books, supplies and fees, and potentially travel costs to attend education programs. However, costs of education that’s needed to meet the minimum requirements for a trade or business or that qualifies you for a new trade or business generally aren’t deductible. For example, you can’t claim the cost to obtain an undergraduate degree as a business expense. 3. Business meals You generally can deduct 50% of the costs of business meals if they aren’t “lavish or extravagant.” This applies to food and beverages provided to customers, clients, suppliers, employees, agents, partners or professional advisors — whether established or prospective. Although entertainment costs aren’t deductible under current law, food and beverages might be deductible even if they’re provided at a nondeductible entertainment activity. But such a deduction is available only if: The food and beverage items are separately purchased or identified from the entertainment costs on bills, invoices or receipts, and The amount charged for food or beverages reflects the venue’s usual selling price for those items if purchased separately from the entertainment or approximates the reasonable value of those items. Say, for example, that you take a customer to a World Cup match this summer. The ticket costs aren’t deductible. But if you buy the customer popcorn, nachos and drinks while there, you can deduct half of those costs as long as you have proper documentation, such as the itemized receipt, and records showing who attended and the business purpose. 4. Business travel If you travel to a temporary location for business purposes, you can deduct your travel expenses, including round-trip airfare, hotel costs and other incidentals (such as tips and cab fares). However, the primary purpose of your trip must be business related. For instance, you might travel to a different city or country to attend a trade show or educational conference. Beware: Some allocations may be required if a trip combines business and pleasure — for example, if you fly to a location for four days of business meetings and stay for an additional three days of vacation. Only the reasonable cost of lodging and 50% of meals incurred during the business days are deductible. Lodging and meal costs incurred for the personal vacation days aren’t deductible. On the other hand, with respect to the cost of the travel itself (for example, plane fare), if the trip is primarily for business purposes, the travel cost can be deducted in its entirety, and no allocation is required. Conversely, if the trip is primarily personal, none of the travel costs are deductible. If your spouse joins you, his or her travel expenses generally aren’t deductible, unless your spouse is your employee and has a bona fide business reason to be there. But the restrictions apply only to additional costs incurred by having your nonemployee spouse travel with you. For example, the expense of a hotel room or for traveling by car would likely still be fully deductible because the cost to rent the room or travel by car alone vs. with another person would be the same, even in a rented car. 5. Business vehicle expenses If you drive your personal vehicle for business purposes, you may be eligible to deduct some auto-related expenses on Schedule C. The amount of your deduction is based on the percentage of business use. For example, suppose you use your car 60% for business driving in 2026. That means you can deduct 60% of your vehicle costs — such as gas, repairs and insurance — plus a generous depreciation allowance, subject to certain limits for “luxury cars.” And, if you buy the vehicle in 2026, you may also qualify for a Section 179 deduction and 100% bonus depreciation, subject to applicable eligibility requirements and limitations. Be aware that the IRS is a stickler for documentation. Briefly stated, you must keep a contemporaneous log listing every business trip and proof of your expenses. Alternatively, you can cut down on recordkeeping by using the standard mileage rate of 72.5 cents per business mile (plus business-related tolls and parking fees) in 2026. Don’t leave tax savings on the table Many self-employed taxpayers miss legitimate deductions because they fail to keep adequate records or misunderstand the rules. Tracking expenses throughout the year can make tax filing easier, help ensure you don’t miss legitimate deductions and strengthen your position if the IRS questions a deduction. We can help you identify qualifying business expense deductions and establish recordkeeping practices that support them. Contact us to start discussing a tax strategy tailored to your small business. © 2026