How businesses can fund a buy-sell agreement

If you make quarterly estimated tax payments, the amount you owe may be affected by the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA). The law, which was enacted on July 4, 2025, introduces new deductions, credits and tax provisions that could shift your income tax liability this year. Tax basics Federal estimated tax payments are designed to ensure that certain individuals pay their fair share of taxes throughout the year. If you don’t have enough federal tax withheld from your paychecks and other payments, you may have to make estimated tax payments. This is the case if you receive interest, dividends, self-employment income, capital gains, a pension or other income that’s not covered by withholding. Individuals generally must pay 25% of a “required annual payment” by April 15, June 15, September 15, and January 15 of the following year, to avoid an underpayment penalty. If one of those dates falls on a weekend or holiday, the payment is due on the next business day. The third installment for 2025 is due on Monday, September 15. Payments are made using Form 1040-ES. Amount to be paid The required annual payment for most individuals is the lower of 90% of the tax shown on the current year’s return or 100% of the tax shown on the return for the previous year. However, if the adjusted gross income on your previous year’s return was more than $150,000 ($75,000 if you’re married filing separately), you must pay the lower of 90% of the tax shown on the current year’s return or 110% of the tax shown on the return for the previous year. Most people who receive the bulk of their income in the form of wages satisfy these payment requirements through the tax withheld from their paychecks by their employers. Those who make estimated tax payments generally do so in four installments. After determining the required annual payment, divide that number by four and make four equal payments by the due dates. But you may be able to use the annualized income method to make smaller payments. This method is useful to people whose income flow isn’t uniform over the year, perhaps because of a seasonal business. For example, if your income comes exclusively from a business operated in a resort area during June, July and August, no estimated payment is required before September 15. The underpayment penalty If you don’t make the required payments, you may be subject to an underpayment penalty. The penalty equals the product of the interest rate charged by the IRS on deficiencies times the amount of the underpayment for the period of the underpayment. However, the underpayment penalty doesn’t apply to you if: The total tax shown on your return is less than $1,000 after subtracting withholding tax paid; You had no tax liability for the preceding year, you were a U.S. citizen or resident for that entire year, and that period was 12 months; For the fourth (January 15) installment, you file your return by that January 31 and pay your tax in full; or You’re a farmer or fisherman and pay your entire estimated tax by January 15 or pay your entire tax and file your tax return by March 2, 2026. In addition, the IRS may waive the penalty if the failure was due to casualty, disaster or other unusual circumstances, and it would be inequitable to impose the penalty. The penalty can also be waived for reasonable cause during the first two years after you retire (and reach age 62) or become disabled. OBBBA highlights Several provisions of the OBBBA could directly affect quarterly estimated tax payments because they change how much tax some individuals will ultimately owe for the year. For example, the law introduces a temporary (2025 through 2028) additional $6,000 deduction for seniors, which can lower taxable income. It creates new deductions for overtime pay, tips and auto loan interest — available even if you don’t itemize — which can meaningfully reduce estimated liabilities. The bill also increases the state and local tax deduction cap for certain taxpayers and temporarily enhances the Child Tax Credit. Because these deductions and credits apply during the tax year rather than after, they can reduce your quarterly payment obligations mid-year, making it important to recalculate estimates to avoid overpayment or underpayment penalties. Seek guidance now Contact us if you need help figuring out your estimated tax payments or have other questions about how the rules apply to you. © 2025 

If you own an unincorporated small business, you may be frustrated with high self-employment (SE) tax bills. One way to lower your SE tax liability is to convert your business to an S corporation. SE tax basics Sole proprietorship income, as well as partnership income that flows through to partners (except certain limited partners), is subject to SE tax. These rules also apply to single-member LLCs that are treated as sole proprietorships for federal tax purposes and multi-member LLCs that are treated as partnerships for federal tax purposes. In 2025, the maximum federal SE tax rate of 15.3% hits the first $176,100 of net SE income. That includes 12.4% for the Social Security tax and 2.9% for the Medicare tax. Together, we’ll refer to them as federal employment taxes. The rate drops after SE income hits $176,100 because the Social Security component goes away above the Social Security tax ceiling of $176,100 for 2025. But the Medicare tax continues to accrue at a 2.9% rate, and then increases to 3.8% at higher income levels because of the 0.9% additional Medicare tax. This 0.9% tax applies when wages and SE income exceed $200,000 for singles and heads of households, $250,000 for married couples filing jointly and $125,000 for married couples filing separately. Tax reduction strategy To lower your SE tax bill, consider converting your unincorporated small business into an S corp and then paying yourself (and any other shareholder-employees) a modest salary. Distribute most (or all) of the remaining corporate cash flow to the shareholder-employee(s) as federal-employment-tax-free distributions. S corp taxable income passed through to a shareholder-employee and S corp cash distributions paid to a shareholder-employee aren’t subject to federal employment taxes. Only wages paid to shareholder-employees are subject to them. This favorable tax treatment places S corps in a potentially more favorable position than businesses conducted as sole proprietorships, partnerships or LLCs. The caveats However, this strategy isn’t right for every business. Here are some considerations: 1. Operating as an S corp and paying yourself a modest salary saves SE tax, but the salary must be reasonable. Otherwise, you run the risk of the IRS auditing your business and imposing back employment taxes, interest and penalties. You can minimize that risk if you gather objective market evidence to demonstrate that outsiders could be hired to perform the same work for salaries equal to what you’re paying. 2. A potentially unfavorable side effect of paying modest salaries to an S corp shareholder-employee is that it can reduce your ability to make deductible contributions to tax-favored retirement accounts. If the S corp maintains a SEP or traditional profit-sharing plan, the maximum annual deductible contribution for each shareholder-employee is limited to 25% of his or her salary. So, the lower the salary, the lower the maximum contribution. However, if the S corp sets up a 401(k) plan, paying modest salaries won’t preclude generous contributions. 3. Operating as an S corp requires extra administrative hassle. For example, you must file a separate federal return (and possibly a state return). In addition, you must scrutinize transactions between S corps and shareholders for potential tax consequences, including any transfers of assets from an existing sole proprietorship or partnership to the new S corp. State-law corporation requirements, such as conducting board meetings and keeping minutes, must be respected. Mechanics of converting To convert an existing sole proprietorship or partnership to an S corp, a corporation must be formed under applicable state law, and business assets must be contributed to the new corporation. Then, an S election must be made for the new corporation by a separate form with the IRS by no later than March 15 of the calendar year, if you want the business to be treated as an S corp for that year. Suppose you currently operate your business as a domestic LLC. In that case, it generally isn’t necessary to go through the legal step of incorporation to convert the LLC into an entity that will be treated as an S corp for federal tax purposes. The reason is because the IRS allows a single-member LLC or multi-member LLC that otherwise meets the S corp qualification rules to simply elect S corporation status by filing a form with the IRS. However, if you want your LLC to be treated as an S corp for the calendar year, you also must complete this paperwork by no later than March 15 of the year. Weighing the upsides and downsides Converting an existing unincorporated business into an S corp to reduce federal employment taxes can be a wise tax move under the right circumstances. That said, consult with us so we can examine all implications before making the switch. © 2025 

Payable-on-death (POD) and transfer-on-death (TOD) accounts are attractive estate planning tools because they allow assets to pass directly to named beneficiaries without going through probate. This can save time, reduce administrative costs and provide your beneficiaries with quicker access to their inheritance. However, there are drawbacks to using these accounts. In some cases, they can lead to unintended — and undesirable — results. Pluses and minuses POD and TOD accounts are relatively simple to set up. Generally, POD is used for bank accounts while TOD is used for stocks and other securities. But they basically work the same way. You complete a form provided by your bank or brokerage house naming a beneficiary (or beneficiaries) and the assets are automatically transferred to the person (or persons) when you die. In addition, you retain control of the assets during your lifetime, meaning you can spend or invest them or close the accounts without beneficiary consent. While POD and TOD accounts can streamline asset transfers, they also have limitations and potential drawbacks. These designations override instructions in your will, which can lead to unintended consequences if your estate plan isn’t coordinated across all accounts and assets. They also don’t provide detailed guidance for how the beneficiary should use the funds, so they may not be the best fit if you want to place conditions or protections on the inheritance. Another consideration is that if your named beneficiary predeceases you and you haven’t updated the account, the funds may end up going through probate after all. Not right for all estates Despite their simplicity and low cost, POD and TOD accounts may have some significant disadvantages compared to more sophisticated planning tools, such as revocable trusts. For one thing, unlike a trust, POD or TOD accounts won’t provide the beneficiary with access to the assets in the event you become incapacitated. Also, because the assets bypass probate, they may create liquidity issues for your estate, which can lead to unequal treatment of your beneficiaries. Suppose, for example, that you have a POD account with a $200,000 balance payable to one beneficiary and your will leaves $200,000 to another beneficiary. When you die, the POD beneficiary automatically receives the $200,000 account. But the beneficiary under your will isn’t paid until the estate’s debts are satisfied, which may reduce his or her inheritance. Unequal treatment can also result if you use multiple POD or TOD accounts. Say you designate a $200,000 savings account as POD for the benefit of one child and a $200,000 brokerage account as TOD for the benefit of your other child. Despite your intent to treat the two children equally, that may not happen if, for example, the brokerage account loses value or you withdraw funds from the savings account. A more effective way to achieve equal treatment would be to list the assets in both accounts in your will or transfer them to a trust and divide your wealth equally between your two children. Coordinate with other estate planning documents POD and TOD accounts are often best suited for relatively straightforward transfers where you want to ensure quick, direct access for your beneficiary — such as passing a savings account to a spouse or adult child. They work well as part of a broader estate plan, especially when coordinated with a will, trust or other legal documents to ensure that your wishes are carried out consistently. For more complex family or financial situations — blended families, minor beneficiaries, or significant assets — additional estate planning tools may be necessary to avoid conflicts and ensure long-term protection of your legacy. Contact us for additional details. © 2025 

If your business sponsors health care benefits for its employees, you know the costs of doing so are hardly stable. And unfortunately, the numbers tend to rise much more often than they fall. According to global consultancy Mercer’s Survey on Health & Benefit Strategies for 2026, 51% of large organizations surveyed said they’re likely to make plan design changes to shift more costs to employees next year — presumably in response to price increases. Small to midsize companies face much the same dilemma. With costs widely anticipated to rise, should you cut benefits, increase the cost-sharing burden on employees or hold steady? There’s no way to know for sure until you assess your current health benefit costs. Here are five ways to ascertain whether you’re spending wisely: 1. Choose and calculate metrics. Business owners can apply analytics to just about everything these days, including health care coverage. For example, you might use benefits utilization rate to identify the percentage of employees who actively use their benefits. Low usage may indicate your benefits aren’t aligned with the particular needs of your workforce. Another metric is cost per participant, which is generally calculated by dividing total health care spend by number of covered employees. The result can help you judge the efficiency of your budget and potentially allow you to identify cost-saving opportunities. 2. Audit medical claims payments and pharmacy benefits management services. Mistakes happen — and fraud is always a possibility. By regularly re-evaluating claims and pharmacy services, you can identify whether you’re losing money to inaccuracies or even wrongdoing. Your business may need to engage a third-party consultant for this purpose, though some companies might be able to leverage training and specialized software to conduct internal reviews. 3. Scrutinize your pharmacy benefits contract. As the old saying goes, “Everything is negotiable.” Conduct a benchmarking study to see how your business’s pharmacy benefits costs stack up to similarly sized and situated companies. If you believe there’s room for negotiation, ask your vendor for a better deal. Meanwhile, look around the marketplace for other providers. One of them may be able to make a more economical offer. 4. Interact with employees to compare cost to value. The ideal size and shape of your plan depend on the wants and needs of your workforce. Rather than relying on vendor-provided materials, actively manage communications with employees regarding the design of your health care plan and its costs. Determine which benefits are truly valued and which ones aren’t. Ultimately, your goal is to measure the financial impacts of gaps between benefits offered and those employees actually use. Then, explore feasible ways to adjust your plan design to close these costly gaps. 5. Get input from professional advisors. Particularly for smaller businesses, internal knowledge of health care benefits may be limited. Don’t get locked into the idea that you and your leadership team must go it alone. Consider engaging a qualified consultant to help you better understand the full range of health care benefits available to your company. Ask your attorney to review your plan for potential compliance violations, as well as to check your contracts for negotiable items. Last, keep our firm in mind. We can perform financial analyses, audit claims, and offer strategic guidance to optimize spending and improve plan efficiency. © 2025 

Under current federal income tax rules, so-called personal interest expense generally can’t be deducted. One big exception is qualified residence interest or home mortgage interest, which can be deducted, subject to some limitations, if you itemize deductions on your tax return. The One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) adds another exception for eligible car loan interest. In tax law language, the new deduction is called qualified passenger vehicle loan interest. Are you eligible? Here are the rules. “No tax” isn’t an accurate description If you could deduct all your car loan interest, you’d be paying it with pre-tax dollars rather than with post-tax dollars — meaning after you paid your federal income tax bill. The new deduction has been called “no tax on car loan interest,” but that’s not really accurate. Here’s a more precise explanation. The OBBBA allows eligible individuals — including those who don’t itemize — a temporary new deduction for some or all of the interest paid on some loans. The loans must be taken out to purchase a qualifying passenger vehicle. Specifically, for 2025 through 2028, up to $10,000 of car loan interest can potentially be deducted each year. The loan must be taken out after 2024 and must be a first lien secured by the vehicle, which is used for personal purposes. Leased vehicles don’t qualify. So far, this may sound good, but not all buyers will qualify for the new deduction because of the limitations and restrictions summarized below. Income-based phaseout rule The deduction is phased out starting at $100,000 of modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) or $200,000 for married joint-filing couples. If your MAGI is above the applicable threshold, the amount that you can deduct (subject to the $10,000 limit) is reduced by $200 for each $1,000 of excess MAGI. So, for an unmarried individual, the deduction is completely phased out when MAGI reaches $150,000. For married joint filers, the deduction is completely phased out when MAGI reaches $250,000. Qualifying vehicles To qualify for the new deduction, the vehicle must be a car, minivan, van, SUV, pickup truck or motorcycle with a gross vehicle weight rating under 14,000 pounds. It must be manufactured primarily for use on public streets, roads and highways, and it must be new (meaning the original use begins with you). The “final assembly” of the vehicle must occur in the United States. You must report the vehicle identification number (VIN) on your tax return. Vehicles assembled in America have a special number in the VIN to signify that. Meeting the requirements In the law, the definition of final assembly is convoluted. The law states: “Final assembly means the process by which a manufacturer produces a vehicle at, or through the use of, a plant, factory, or other place from which the vehicle is delivered to a dealer with all component parts necessary for the mechanical operation of the vehicle included with the vehicle, whether or not the component parts are permanently installed in or on the vehicle.” Another requirement is that your car loan lender must file an information return with the IRS that shows the amount of interest paid during the year on your qualified car loan. Refinanced loans If an original qualified car loan is refinanced, the new loan will be a qualified loan as long as: 1) the new loan is secured by a first lien on the eligible vehicle and 2) the initial balance of the new loan doesn’t exceed the ending balance of the original loan. Ineligible loans Interest on the following types of loans doesn’t qualify for the new deduction: Loans to finance fleet sales, Loans to buy a vehicle not used for personal purposes, Loans to buy a vehicle with a salvage title or a vehicle intended to be used for scrap or parts, Loans from certain related parties, and Any lease financing. Conclusion According to various reports, most American car buyers rely on loans to finance their purchases. So, the ability to deduct car loan interest is something that many taxpayers would be happy about. That said, many buyers won’t qualify for the new deduction. It’s off limits for high-income purchasers, used vehicle buyers and those who buy foreign imports. Contact us with any questions. © 2025 

One of the most critical decisions entrepreneurs make when starting or restructuring a business is choosing the right entity type. This choice directly impacts how the business is taxed, the level of administrative complexity and regulatory compliance obligations. While legal liability considerations also matter, we will focus on tax implications. For liability advice, consult a legal professional. Whether launching a new venture or reassessing your current structure, understanding how each entity is taxed can help you make strategic and compliant decisions. Here’s a brief overview of five entities. 1. Sole proprietorship: Simple with full responsibility A sole proprietorship is the easiest structure to set up. It’s owned and operated by one person and requires minimal administrative effort. Here are the main features: Taxation. Income and losses are reported on the owner’s personal tax return on Schedule C of Form 1040. Income is subject to 15.3% federal self-employment tax, and the business itself isn’t taxed separately. The owner may also qualify for a Qualified Business Income (QBI) deduction, potentially reducing the effective tax rate. Compliance. Aside from obtaining necessary licenses or a business name registration, there’s little required paperwork. However, the owner is personally liable for all business debts and legal obligations. 2. S Corporation: Pass-through entity with payroll considerations An S corp is a tax designation offering pass-through taxation benefits while imposing stricter rules. Here are the highlights: Taxation. S corps don’t pay income tax at the entity level. Instead, profits or losses are passed through to shareholders via Schedule K-1 and reported on individual returns. A key tax benefit is that shareholders who are employees receive a salary (subject to payroll tax), while additional profit distributions aren’t subject to self-employment tax. However, the salary must be reasonable. The business is eligible for QBI deductions. Compliance. To qualify, S corps must have 100 or fewer shareholders, all U.S. citizens or residents, and only one class of stock. They must file Form 2553, issue annual Schedule K-1s and follow corporate formalities like shareholder meetings and recordkeeping. An informational return (Form 1120-S) is also required. 3. Partnership: Collaborative ownership with pass-through taxation A partnership involves two or more individuals jointly operating a business. Common types include general partnerships, limited partnerships, and limited liability partnerships (LLPs). Here’s what makes it unique: Taxation. Partnerships are pass-through entities. The business files Form 1065 (an informational return), and income or loss is distributed to partners on Schedule K-1. Partners report this on their personal returns. General partners must pay self-employment tax, while limited partners usually don’t. The business is eligible for QBI deductions. Compliance. Partnerships require a detailed partnership agreement, coordinated recordkeeping and clear profit-sharing arrangements. While more complex than a sole proprietorship, partnerships offer flexibility for growing businesses. 4. Limited liability company: Flexible and customizable An LLC merges elements of corporations and partnerships, offering owners — called members — both operational flexibility and liability protection. Taxation. By default, a single-member LLC is taxed like a sole proprietorship, and a multimember LLC like a partnership. However, LLCs may elect to be taxed as a C or S corp by filing Form 8832 or Form 2553. This gives owners control over their tax strategies. LLCs that don’t elect C corp status are eligible for QBI deductions. Compliance. LLCs require articles of organization and often must have an operating agreement. Though not as complex as corporations, they still generally face state-specific compliance requirements and annual filings. 5. C Corporation: Double taxation with scalability A C corp is a distinct legal entity offering the most liability protection and growth potential through stock issuance. Here are its features: Taxation. C corps face double taxation — the business pays taxes on earnings (currently at a 21% federal rate), and shareholders pay taxes again on dividends. However, C corps can offer deductible benefits (for example, health insurance, retirement plans) and retain earnings without immediately distributing profits. C corps aren’t eligible for QBI deductions. Compliance: These entities require the most administrative upkeep, including bylaws, annual meetings, board minutes, and extensive state and federal reporting. C corps are ideal for companies seeking venture capital or IPOs. After hiring employees Regardless of entity type, adding employees increases compliance requirements. Businesses must obtain an Employer Identification Number (EIN) and withhold federal and state payroll taxes. Employers also take on added responsibilities related to benefits, tax deposits, and employment law compliance. What’s right for you? There’s no universal answer to which entity is best. The right choice depends on your growth goals, ownership structure and financial needs. Tax optimization is a critical factor. For example, an LLC electing S corp status may help minimize self-employment taxes if set up properly. Contact us. We can coordinate with your attorney to ensure your structure supports both your tax strategies and business goals. © 2025 

As its name suggests, a living trust (also known as a revocable trust) is in effect while you’re alive. It’s a legal entity into which you title assets to be managed during your lifetime and after your death. As the trust’s grantor, you typically serve as the trustee and retain control over the assets during your lifetime. Thus, you can modify or revoke the trust at any time, allowing for adjustments as circumstances or intentions change. Let’s take a closer look at why you should consider including one in your estate plan. Setting up a living trust To create a living trust, engage an estate planning attorney to draw up the trust agreement. Then, title the assets you want to transfer to the trust. Assets can include real estate, financial accounts, and personal items such as art and jewelry. You’ll also need to appoint a successor trustee, or multiple successor trustees. The trustee can be a family member or a friend, or an entity such as a bank’s trust department. In the event of incapacity, a successor trustee can seamlessly take over management of the trust without the need for court-appointed guardianship or conservatorship, preserving financial stability and decision-making continuity. Avoiding probate A primary advantage of a living trust is its ability to minimize the need for trust assets to be subject to probate. Probate is the process of paying off the debts and distributing the property of a deceased individual. It’s overseen by a court. For some estates, the probate process can drag on. By avoiding it, assets in a living trust can typically be distributed more quickly while still in accordance with your instructions. In addition, probate can be a public process. Living trusts generally can be administered privately. And if you become incapacitated, the trust document can allow another trustee to manage the assets in the living trust even while you’re alive. Knowing the pros and cons Living trusts have both benefits and drawbacks. If you name yourself as trustee, you can maintain control over and continue to use the trust assets while you’re alive. This includes adding or selling trust assets, as well as terminating the trust. However, after your death, the trust typically can’t be changed. At that point, the successor trustee you’ve named will distribute the assets according to your instructions. On the flip side, a living trust can require more work to prepare and maintain than a will. And you’ll probably still need a will for property you don’t want to move into the trust. Often, this includes assets of lesser value, such as personal checking accounts. In addition, if you have minor children, you’ll need to name their guardian(s) in a will. Who can help? Creating a living trust typically requires some upfront effort and legal guidance. Even so, the long-term peace of mind and control it can provide may make it a worthwhile consideration. We can help you determine how a living trust fits within your broader estate planning goals. Contact an estate planning attorney to draft a living trust. © 2025 

Whether signing a vendor agreement, approving a repair estimate or applying for a loan, chances are you’ve signed something digitally in recent months. In 2025, digital documents and e-signatures are no longer just a convenience — they’re fast becoming the standard. Businesses of all types and sizes are embracing digital workflows to improve efficiency, reduce turnaround times and meet customer expectations. If your company is still relying on paper documents and manual signatures, now may be the time to take a fresh look at what you might be missing. Potential advantages For small to midsize businesses, there are generally three reasons to use digital documents with e-signatures. First, of course, it’s faster. When you can review and sign a business document electronically, it can be transmitted instantly and approved much more quickly. And this works both ways: your customers can sign contracts or submit orders for your products or services, and you can sign similar documents with vendors, partners or consultants. What used to take days or even weeks, as delivery services carried out their duties or paper envelopes crisscrossed in the mail, can now occur in a matter of hours. Second, it’s a strong safeguard against disaster, theft and mishandling. Paper is all too easily destroyed, damaged, lost or stolen. That’s not to say digital documents are impervious to thievery, corruption and deletion. However, a trusted provider should be able to outfit you with software that not only allows you to use digital documents with e-signatures, but also keeps those files encrypted and safe. Third, as mentioned, more and more customers want it. In fact, this may be the most important reason to incorporate digital documents and e-signatures into your business. Younger generations have come of age using digitized business services. They expect this functionality and may prefer a company that offers it to one that still requires them to put pen to paper. Valid concerns Many business owners continue to have valid concerns about digital documents and e-signatures. For example, you may worry about how legally binding a digitized contract or other important document may be. However, e-signatures are now widely used and generally considered lawful under two statutes: 1) the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act of 2000, a federal law, and 2) the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act, which governs each state unless a comparable law is in place. Indeed, every state has legislation in place legalizing e-signatures. There may be some limited exceptions in certain cases, so check with your attorney for specifics if you decide to transition to using the technology. Another concern you might have is cybersecurity. And there’s no doubt that data breaches are now so common that business owners must expect hacking attempts rather than hope they never happen. As mentioned, a reputable provider of digital document technology should be able to equip your company with the necessary tools to defend itself. But don’t stop there. If you haven’t already, establish a sound, regularly updated cybersecurity strategy that encompasses every aspect of your business — including when and how digital documents and e-signatures are used. Strategic move Implementing this increasingly used technology is a strategic move. As such, it will likely involve costs related to vetting software providers, training your team, and updating internal assets and processes. But it also may be a wise investment in faster transactions, improved security and a better customer experience. Plus, you’ll pay less in express delivery fees. We can help you evaluate the idea, forecast your return on investment, and, if appropriate, build a smooth transition plan that fits your budget and goals. © 2025 

The newly enacted One, Big, Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) represents a major move by President Trump and congressional Republicans to roll back a number of clean energy tax incentives originally introduced or expanded under the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA). Below is a summary of the key individual tax credits that will soon be scaled back or eliminated. Clean vehicle tax credits If you’re planning to buy a clean vehicle, consider acting soon to take advantage of expiring tax benefits: New clean vehicle credit. This credit offers up to $7,500 for qualifying new electric and fuel cell vehicles, depending on how the battery components and critical minerals are sourced. Vehicles that meet only one of the sourcing criteria may be eligible for a reduced $3,750 credit. Originally set to expire in 2032, this credit now ends on September 30, 2025. The maximum manufacturer’s suggested retail price is $55,000 for cars and $80,000 for SUVs, trucks and vans. To qualify, your adjusted gross income (AGI) must not exceed $150,000 ($300,000 for married couples filing jointly and $225,000 for heads of households). Used clean vehicle credit. Buyers of eligible used EVs or fuel cell vehicles may claim up to $4,000, or 30% of the purchase price — whichever is lower — if bought from a dealer. This credit also expires on September 30, 2025. The maximum price of the vehicle is $25,000. To be eligible for the credit, your AGI must not exceed $75,000 for single taxpayers ($150,000 for married joint filers and $112,500 for heads of households). Alternative fuel refueling property credit Homeowners who install equipment to recharge EVs or dispense clean fuel may qualify for the alternative fuel vehicle refueling property credit. The IRA had extended and expanded this benefit. For property placed in service at a primary residence after 2023, the credit equals 30% of the installation cost, up to $1,000 per item (charging port, fuel dispenser, or storage property). Equipment must be placed in service by June 30, 2026, instead of the previous end-of-2032 deadline. Home energy tax credits The OBBBA shortens the lifespan of several tax credits available to individual homeowners. Those planning home upgrades may want to act swiftly to make the most of these two opportunities. Energy efficient home improvement credit. This tax break provides a 30% nonrefundable credit for qualified expenses such as energy-efficient doors, windows, skylights, insulation, heat pumps and home energy audits. The maximum credit you can claim this year is $1,200. There are no income restrictions, but credit caps vary by item. In 2025, credit limits include: $250 per exterior door ($500 total), $600 for windows, central A/C, panels, and select equipment, $150 for energy audits, and $2,000 for heat pumps, water heaters, and biomass systems (superseding the usual $1,200 limit). This credit was previously scheduled to end after 2032. The expiration has been moved up to December 31, 2025. Residential clean energy credit. This tax break provides a 30% nonrefundable credit for renewable energy systems like solar, wind, geothermal, and biomass installations. There are no income limits. Under prior law, this credit was set to expire after 2034. The OBBBA makes the new expiration date December 31, 2025. Secure savings now Given the shortened timelines and reduced availability of green tax benefits under the OBBBA, proactive planning is key. If you’re interested, you should make the most of these incentives while they last. Contact us with any questions about your situation. © 2025