2 options for creating a charitable legacy: Lifetime gifts and charitable bequests at death

The One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) allows 100% first-year depreciation for nonresidential real estate that’s classified as qualified production property (QPP). This new break is different from the first-year bonus depreciation that’s available for assets such as tangible property with a recovery period of 20 years or less and qualified improvement property with a 15-year recovery period. Normally, nonresidential buildings must be depreciated over 39 years. What is QPP? The statutory definition of QPP is a bit complicated: QPP is the portion of any nonresidential real estate that’s used by the taxpayer (your business) as an integral part of a qualified production activity. A qualified production activity is the manufacturing, production or refining of a qualified product. A qualified product is any tangible personal property that isn’t a food or beverage prepared in the same building as a retail establishment in which the property is sold. (So a restaurant building can’t be QPP.) In addition, an activity doesn’t constitute manufacturing, production or refining of a qualified product unless the activity results in a substantial transformation of the property comprising the product. To sum up these rules, QPP generally means factory buildings. But additional rules apply. Meeting the placed-in-service rules QPP 100% first-year depreciation is available for property whose construction begins after January 19, 2025, and before 2029. The property generally must be placed in service in the United States or a U.S. possession before 2031. In addition, the original use of the property generally must commence with the taxpayer. There’s an exception to the original-use rule. The QPP deduction can be claimed for a previously used nonresidential building that: Is acquired by the taxpayer after January 19, 2025, and before 2029, Wasn’t used in a qualified production activity between January 1, 2021, and May 12, 2025, Wasn’t used by the taxpayer before being acquired, Is used by the taxpayer as an integral part of a qualified production activity, and Is placed in service in the United States or a U.S. possession before 2031. Also, the IRS can extend the before-2031 placed-in-service deadline for property that otherwise meets the requirements to be QPP if an Act of God (as defined) prevents the taxpayer from placing the property in service before the deadline. Pitfalls to watch out for While potentially valuable, 100% first-year deprecation for QPP isn’t without pitfalls: Leased-out buildings. To be QPP, the building must be used by the taxpayer for a qualified production activity. So, if you’re the lessor of a building, you can’t treat it as QPP even if it’s used by a lessee for a qualified production activity. Nonqualified activities. You can’t treat as QPP any area of a building that’s used for offices, administrative services, lodging, parking, sales activities, research activities, software development, engineering activities or other functions unrelated to the manufacturing, production or refining of tangible personal property. Ordinary income recapture rule. If at any time during the 10-year period beginning on the date that QPP is placed in service the property ceases to be used for a qualified production activity, an ordinary income depreciation recapture rule will apply. IRS guidance expected QPP 100% first-year depreciation can be a valuable tax break if you have eligible property. However, it could be challenging to identify and allocate costs to portions of buildings that are used only for nonqualifying activities or for several activities, not all of which are qualifying activities. Also, once made, the election can’t be revoked without IRS consent. IRS guidance on this new deduction is expected. Contact us with questions and to learn about the latest developments. © 2025 

A qualified terminable interest property (QTIP) trust can be a valuable estate planning tool if you have a blended family. In such families — where one or both spouses have children from prior relationships — there’s often a delicate balance between providing for a current spouse and preserving assets for children from a previous marriage. A QTIP trust helps achieve this by allowing you, the grantor, to ensure that your surviving spouse is financially supported during his or her lifetime while your remaining assets ultimately go to the beneficiaries you’ve designated. QTIP trust in action Generally, a QTIP trust is created by the wealthier spouse, though sometimes both spouses will establish such trusts. After the QTIP trust grantor’s death, the surviving spouse receives income from the trust for life, and in some cases, may also have access to principal if the trust terms allow it. Basically, the surviving spouse assumes a “life estate” in the trust’s assets. A life estate provides the surviving spouse with the right to receive income from the trust but not ownership rights. This means that the surviving spouse can’t sell or transfer the assets. Estate tax considerations From an estate tax perspective, a QTIP trust also offers advantages. Assets transferred into the trust generally qualify for the marital deduction, meaning no estate tax is due at the first spouse’s death. The estate tax is deferred until the death of the surviving spouse, potentially allowing for more efficient tax planning. This combination of financial security for the surviving spouse and inheritance protection for children makes a QTIP trust particularly well-suited for blended families seeking fairness, clarity and peace of mind in their estate plans. Estate planning flexibility A QTIP trust can also make your estate plan more flexible. For example, at the time of your death, your family’s situation or the estate tax laws may have changed. The executor of your will can choose to not implement a QTIP trust if that makes the most sense. Otherwise, the executor makes a QTIP trust election on a federal estate tax return. (It’s also possible to make a partial QTIP election — that is, a QTIP election on just a portion of the estate.) To be effective, the election must be made on a timely filed estate tax return. After the election is made, it’s irrevocable. Right for you? If you’ve remarried and have children from your first marriage, consider the estate planning benefits of a QTIP trust. Questions? Contact us for additional information. © 2025 

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Are you thinking about making financial gifts to loved ones? Would you also like to reduce your capital gains tax? If so, consider giving appreciated stock instead of cash. You might be able to eliminate all federal tax liability on the appreciation — or at least significantly reduce it. Leveraging lower rates Investors generally are subject to a 15% tax rate on their long-term capital gains (20% if their income exceeds certain thresholds). But the long-term capital gains rate generally is 0% for gain that would be taxed at 10% or 12% based on the taxpayer’s ordinary-income rate. In addition, taxpayers with modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) over $200,000 ($250,000 for married couples filing jointly and $125,000 for married filing separately) may owe the net investment income tax (NIIT). The NIIT equals 3.8% of the lesser of your net investment income or the amount by which your MAGI exceeds the applicable threshold. If you have loved ones in the 0% bracket, you may be able to take advantage of it by transferring appreciated assets to them. The recipients can then sell the assets at no or a low federal tax cost. Case study Faced with a long-term capital gains tax rate of 23.8% (20% for the top tax bracket, plus the 3.8% NIIT), Ed and Nancy decide to transfer some appreciated stock to their adult granddaughter, Emma. Just out of college and making only enough from her entry-level job to leave her with $30,000 in taxable income, Emma qualifies for the 0% long-term capital gains rate. However, the 0% rate applies only to the extent that capital gains “fill up” the gap between Emma’s taxable income and the top end of the 0% bracket. For 2025, the 0% bracket for singles tops out at $48,350 (just $125 less than the top of the 12% ordinary-income tax bracket). When Emma sells the stock her grandparents transferred to her, her capital gains are $20,000. Of that amount $18,350 qualifies for the 0% rate and the remaining $1,650 is taxed at 12%. Emma pays only $198 in federal tax on the sale vs. the $4,760 her grandparents would have owed had they sold the stock themselves. More to consider If you’re contemplating a gift to anyone who’ll be under age 24 on December 31, check whether they’ll be subject to the “kiddie tax.” Also consider any gift and generation-skipping transfer (GST) tax consequences. We’d be pleased to answer any questions you have. We can also suggest other ways you can reduce taxes on your investments. © 2025 

Thoughtful business gifts are a great way to show appreciation to customers and employees. They can also deliver tax benefits when handled correctly. Unfortunately, the IRS limits most business gift deductions to $25 per person per year, a cap that hasn’t changed since 1962. Still, with careful planning and good recordkeeping, you may be able to maximize your deductions. When the $25 rule doesn’t apply Several exceptions to the $25-per-person rule can help you deduct more of your gift expenses: Gifts to businesses. The $25 limit applies only to gifts made directly or indirectly to an individual. Gifts given to a company for use in its business — such as an industry reference book or office equipment — are fully deductible because they serve a business purpose. However, if the gift primarily benefits a specific individual at that company, the $25 limit applies. Gifts to married couples. When both spouses have a business relationship with you and the gift is for both of them, the limit generally doubles to $50. Incidental costs. The expenses of personalizing, packaging, insuring or mailing a gift don’t count toward the $25 limit and are fully deductible. Employee gifts. Cash or cash-equivalent gifts (such as gift cards) are treated as taxable wages and generally are deductible as compensation. However, noncash, low-cost items — like company-branded merchandise, small holiday gifts, or occasional meals and parties — can qualify as nontaxable “de minimis” fringe benefits. These are deductible to the business and tax-free to the employee. How entertainment gifts are treated now Under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, most entertainment expenses are no longer deductible. This includes tickets to sporting events, concerts and other entertainment, even when related to business. However, if you give event tickets as a gift and don’t attend yourself, you may be able to classify the cost as a business gift, subject to the $25 limit and any applicable exceptions. Note that meals provided during an entertainment event may still be 50% deductible if they’re separately stated on the invoice. Why good recordkeeping matters To claim the full deductions you’re entitled to, document your gifts properly. Record each gift’s description, cost, date and business purpose and the relationship of the recipient to your business. Digital records are acceptable — such as accounting notes or CRM entries — as long as they clearly support the deduction. Track qualifying expenses separately in your books. That way they can be easily identified. Make your business gifts count A little knowledge and planning can go a long way toward ensuring your business gifts are both meaningful and tax-smart. If you’d like help reviewing your company’s gift-giving policies or want to confirm how the deduction rules apply to your situation, contact our office. We’ll help your business keep compliant with tax law while you show appreciation to your customers and employees. © 2025 

Now is the time of year when taxpayers search for last-minute moves to reduce their federal income tax liability. Adding to the complexity this year is the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA), which significantly changes various tax laws. Here are some of the measures you can take now to reduce your 2025 taxes in light of the OBBBA. 1. Reevaluate the standard deduction Taxpayers can choose to itemize certain deductions or take the standard deduction based on their filing status. Itemizing deductions saves tax if the total exceeds the standard deduction. The number of taxpayers who itemize dropped dramatically after the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) nearly doubled the standard deduction. The OBBBA increases it further. The standard deduction for 2025 is: $15,750 for single filers and married individuals filing separately, $23,625 for heads of households, and $31,500 for married couples filing jointly. Taxpayers age 65 or older or blind are eligible for an additional standard deduction of $2,000 or, for joint filers, $1,600 per spouse age 65 or older or blind. (For taxpayers both 65 or older and blind, the additional deduction is doubled.) But other OBBBA changes could make itemizing more beneficial. For example, if you’ve been claiming the standard deduction recently, the expanded state and local tax (SALT) deduction might cause your total itemized deductions to exceed your standard deduction for 2025. (See No. 2 below.) If it does, you might benefit from accelerating other itemized deductions into 2025. In addition to SALT, potential itemized deductions include: Qualified medical and dental expenses (to the extent that they exceed 7.5% of your adjusted gross income), Home mortgage interest (generally on up to $750,000 of home mortgage debt on a principal residence and a second residence), Casualty losses (from a federally declared disaster), and Charitable contributions (see No. 3 below). Note, too, that higher earners will face a limit on their itemized deductions in 2026. The OBBBA effectively caps the value of itemized deductions for taxpayers in the highest tax bracket (37%) at 35 cents per dollar, compared with 37 cents per dollar this year. If you’re among that group, you may want to accelerate itemized deductions into 2025 to leverage the full value. 2. Maximize your SALT deduction The OBBBA temporarily quadruples the so-called “SALT cap.” For 2025 through 2029, taxpayers who itemize can deduct up to $40,000 ($20,000 for separate filers), with 1% increases each subsequent year, meaning $40,400 in 2026 and so on. Deductible SALT expenses include property taxes (for homes, vehicles and boats) and either income tax or sales tax, but not both. The SALT cap is scheduled to return to the TCJA’s $10,000 cap ($5,000 for separate filers) beginning in 2030. In the meantime, the temporary limit increase could substantially boost your tax savings, depending on your SALT expenses and your modified adjusted gross income (MAGI). The allowable deduction drops by 30% of the amount by which your MAGI exceeds a threshold of $500,000 ($250,000 for separate filers). When MAGI reaches $600,000 ($300,000 for separate filers), the $10,000 (or $5,000) cap applies. If your 2025 SALT deductions exceed the old $10,000 cap but your total itemized deductions would still be under the standard deduction, “bunching” could help you make the most of the higher SALT cap. For example, if you receive your 2026 property tax bill before year end, you can pay it this year and deduct both your 2025 and 2026 property taxes in 2025. You might increase the deduction further by accelerating estimated state or local income tax payments into this year, if applicable. You could bunch other itemized deductions into 2025 as well. (See No. 1 above.) In 2026, you’d go back to claiming the standard deduction. And then you’d repeat the bunching for the 2027 tax year and itemize that year. 3. Prepare for changes to charitable giving rules Donating to charity is a valuable and flexible year-end tax planning tool. You can give as much or as little as you like. As long as the recipient is a qualified charity, you can properly substantiate the donation and you itemize, you’ll likely be able to claim a tax deduction. But beginning in 2026, the OBBBA imposes a 0.5% of adjusted gross income (AGI) “floor” on charitable contribution deductions. The floor generally means that only charitable donations in excess of 0.5% of your AGI can be claimed as an itemized deduction. In other words, if your AGI for a tax year is $100,000, you can’t deduct the first $500 ($100,000 × 0.5%) of donations made that year. So if you can afford it, you might want to bunch donations you’d normally make in 2026 into 2025 instead, so that you can avoid the new floor. (Bear in mind that a charitable deduction might nonetheless be more valuable next year if you’ll be in a higher tax bracket.) One way to save even more taxes with your charitable donations is to give appreciated stock instead of cash. You can avoid the long-term capital gains tax you’d owe if you sold the stock and also claim a charitable deduction for the fair market value (FMV) of the shares. On the other hand, if you don’t itemize, you may want to delay your 2025 charitable contributions until next year. Beginning in 2026, the OBBBA creates a permanent deduction for nonitemizers’ cash contributions, up to $1,000 for individuals and $2,000 for married couples filing jointly. Donations must be made to public charities, not foundations or donor-advised funds. 4. Manage your MAGI MAGI is the trigger for certain additional taxes and the phaseouts of many tax breaks, including some of the newest deductions. For example, the OBBBA establishes a temporary “senior” deduction of $6,000 for taxpayers age 65 or older. This can be claimed in addition to either the standard deduction or itemized deductions. But the senior deduction begins to phase out when MAGI exceeds $75,000 ($150,000 for joint filers). As discussed in No. 2, the enhanced SALT deduction is also subject to MAGI phaseouts. So, too, are the Child Tax Credit and the new temporary deductions for qualified tips, overtime pay and car loan interest. In terms of being a tax trigger, your MAGI plays a role in determining your liability for the 3.8% net investment income tax. It can pay, therefore, to take steps to reduce your MAGI. For example, you might spread a Roth conversion over multiple years, rather than completing it in a single year. You can also max out your contributions to traditional retirement accounts and Health Savings Accounts. If you’re age 70½ or older, qualified charitable distributions (QCDs) from your traditional IRA are another avenue for reducing your MAGI. While a charitable deduction can’t be claimed for QCDs, the amounts aren’t included in your MAGI and can be used to satisfy an IRA owner’s required minimum distribution (RMD), if applicable. This can be beneficial because charitable donation deductions (and other itemized deductions) don’t reduce MAGI and RMDs typically are included in MAGI. Begin planning now Don’t miss out on both new and traditional planning opportunities to reduce your 2025 taxes. The best strategies for you depend on your specific situation. We’d be pleased to help you with your year-end tax planning. © 2025 

Making sure your family will be able to locate your estate planning documents when needed is one of the most important parts of the estate planning process. Your carefully prepared will, trust or power of attorney will be useless if no one knows where to find it. When loved ones are grieving or faced with urgent financial and medical decisions, not being able to locate key documents can create unnecessary stress, confusion and even legal complications. Here are some tips on how and where to store your estate planning documents. Your signed, original will There’s a common misconception that a photocopy of your signed last will and testament is sufficient. In fact, when it comes time to implement your plan, your family and representatives will need your signed original will. Typically, upon a person’s death, the original document must be filed with the county clerk and, if probate is required, with the probate court as well. What happens if your original will isn’t found? It doesn’t necessarily mean that it won’t be given effect, but it can be a major — and costly — obstacle. In many states, if your original will can’t be produced, there’s a presumption that you destroyed it with the intent to revoke it. Your family may be able to obtain a court order admitting a signed photocopy, especially if all interested parties agree that it reflects your wishes. But this can be a costly, time-consuming process. And if the copy isn’t accepted, the probate court will administer your estate as if you died without a will. To avoid these issues, store your original will in a safe place and tell your family how to access it. Storage options include: Leaving your original will with your accountant or attorney, or Storing your original will at home (or at the home of a family member) in a waterproof, fire-resistant safe, lockbox or file cabinet. What about safe deposit boxes? Although this can be an option, you should check state law and bank policy to be sure that your family will be able to gain access without a court order. In many states, it can be difficult for loved ones to open your safe deposit box, even with a valid power of attorney. It may be preferable, therefore, to keep your original will at home or with a trusted advisor or family member. If you do opt for a safe deposit box, it may be a good idea to open one jointly with your spouse or another family member. That way, the joint owner can immediately access the box in the event of your death or incapacity. Other documents Original trust documents should be kept in the same place as your original will. It’s also a good idea to make several copies. Unlike a will, it’s possible to use a photocopy of a trust. Plus, it’s useful to provide a copy to the person who’ll become trustee and to keep a copy to consult periodically to ensure that the trust continues to meet your needs. For powers of attorney, living wills or health care directives, originals should be stored safely. But it’s also critical for these documents to be readily accessible in the event you become incapacitated. Consider giving copies or duplicate originals to the people authorized to make decisions on your behalf. Also consider providing copies or duplicate originals of health care documents to your physicians to keep with your medical records. Clear communication is key Clearly communicating the location of your estate planning documents can help ensure your wishes are carried out promptly and accurately. Let your family, executor or trustee know where originals are stored and how to access them. Contact us for help ensuring your estate plan will achieve your goals. © 2025 

As a business owner, you know that running payroll involves much more than just compensating employees. Every paycheck represents a complex web of tax obligations that your company must handle accurately and consistently. Indeed, staying compliant with payroll tax rules is essential to maintaining your business’s reputation and avoiding costly penalties. That’s why it’s essential to regularly review your key payroll tax responsibilities to ensure nothing falls through the cracks. Federal, state and local Let’s start with the big ones. As you’re well aware, employers must withhold federal income tax from employees’ paychecks. The amount withheld from each person’s pay depends on two factors: 1) the wage amount, and 2) information provided on the employee’s Form W-4, “Employee’s Withholding Certificate.” Additional withholding rules may apply to commissions and other forms of compensation. Be sure to stay apprised of your non-federal payroll tax obligations. State income tax withholding rules, for example, apply to many employers. However, nine states have no income tax: Alaska, Florida, Nevada, New Hampshire, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Washington and Wyoming. Certain localities also impose income taxes. And in some places, withholding is required to cover short-term disability, paid family leave or unemployment benefits. FICA and FUTA Many an accounting or HR staffer has had to repeatedly explain what these two abbreviations mean. The first one stands for the Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA). Under this law, payroll taxes consist of two individual taxes. First is Social Security tax, which is 6.2% of wages up to an annually inflation-adjusted wage base limit. For 2025, that limit is $176,100 (up from $168,600 in 2024). Both the employee and employer pay 6.2% up to that amount, meaning the business withholds the employee’s share and contributes a matching amount for a total of 12.4%. The second is Medicare tax, which is 1.45% of all wages, with no wage base cap. Again, both the employee and employer pay the percentage for a total of 2.9%. The other abbreviation stands for the Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA). Under it, employers must pay 6% on the first $7,000 of each employee’s annual wages, before any credit. In many cases, if state unemployment taxes are paid fully and on time, the business can receive a credit of up to 5.4%, yielding an effective rate of 0.6%. Be aware that certain states with outstanding federal unemployment-trust-fund loans may not qualify for the full credit, so employers could face higher effective FUTA rates in those jurisdictions. FUTA taxes are paid only by the employer, so you shouldn’t withhold them from employees’ wages. Additional Medicare tax This payroll tax often flies under the radar. Under a provision of the Affordable Care Act, an additional Medicare tax of 0.9% applies to employee wages above: $200,000 for single filers, $250,000 for married couples filing jointly, and $125,000 for married couples filing separately. Only employees pay this tax. However, employers are responsible for withholding it once an employee’s wages exceed $200,000 — even if the employee ultimately may not owe it (for example, for joint filers). State unemployment insurance Every state also runs its own unemployment insurance program to provide benefits to eligible workers who are involuntarily terminated. State unemployment obligations vary widely in terms of wage base, rate and employer vs. employee contributions. Generally, the rate employers must pay is based on their experience rating. The more claims made by former employees, the higher the tax rate. States update these rates annually. Get stronger Managing payroll taxes can be complex — especially as rates and rules may change from year to year. But you can confidently meet your compliance requirements with the right system, procedures, employees and professional guidance in place. We’d be happy to review your current approach, flag potential risks and recommend ways to strengthen your payroll tax processes. Contact us for more information. © 2025 

The 2026 Social Security wage base has been released. What’s the tax impact on employees and the self-employed? Let’s take a look. FICA tax 101 The Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) imposes two payroll taxes on wages and self-employment income — one for Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance, commonly known as the Social Security tax, and the other for Hospital Insurance, commonly known as the Medicare tax. The FICA tax rate is 15.3%, which includes 12.4% for Social Security and 2.9% for Medicare. If you’re an employee, FICA tax is split evenly between your employer and you. If you’re self-employed, you pay the full 15.3% — but the “employer” half is deductible. All wages and self-employment income are generally subject to Medicare tax. But the Social Security tax applies to such income only up to the Social Security wage base. The Social Security Administration has announced that the wage base will be $184,500 for 2026 (up from $176,100 for 2025). Wages and self-employment income above this threshold aren’t subject to Social Security tax. Another payroll tax that higher-income taxpayers must be aware of is the additional 0.9% Medicare tax. It applies to FICA wages and self-employment income exceeding $200,000 ($250,000 for joint filers and $125,000 for separate filers). There’s no employer portion for this tax, but employers are required to withhold it once they pay an employee wages for the year exceeding $200,000 — regardless of the employee’s filing status. (You can claim a credit on your income tax return for withholding in excess of your actual additional Medicare tax liability.) What will you owe in 2026? For 2026, if you’re an employee, you’ll owe: 6.2% Social Security tax on the first $184,500 of wages, for a maximum tax of $11,439 (6.2% × $184,500), plus 1.45% Medicare tax on wages up to the applicable additional Medicare tax threshold, plus 2.35% Medicare tax (1.45% regular Medicare tax plus 0.9% additional Medicare tax) on all wages in excess of the applicable additional Medicare tax threshold. For 2026, if you’re self-employed, you’ll owe: 12.4% Social Security tax on the first $184,500 of self-employment income (half of which will be deductible), for a maximum tax of $22,878 (12.4% × $184,500), plus 2.9% Medicare tax on self-employment income up to the applicable additional Medicare tax threshold (half of which will be deductible), plus 3.8% Medicare tax (2.9% regular Medicare tax plus 0.9% additional Medicare tax) on all self-employment income in excess of the applicable additional Medicare tax threshold. (Half of the 2.9% portion will be deductible; none of the 0.9% portion will be deductible.) The payroll tax deduction for the self-employed can be especially beneficial because it reduces adjusted gross income (AGI) and modified adjusted gross income (MAGI). AGI and MAGI can trigger certain additional taxes and the phaseouts of many tax breaks. Have questions? Payroll taxes get more complicated in some situations. For example, what if you have two jobs? Payroll taxes will be withheld by both employers. Can you ask your employers to stop withholding Social Security tax once, on a combined basis, you’ve reached the wage base threshold? No, each employer must continue to withhold Social Security tax until your wages with that employer exceed the wage base. Fortunately, when you file your income tax return, you’ll get a credit for any excess withheld. If you have more questions about payroll taxes, such as what happens if you have wages from a job and self-employment income, please contact us. We can help you ensure you’re complying with tax law while not overpaying. © 2025